Sangha old time Buddha.
[01]
Chapter oneBackground
-ooOoo-
Ä n Pure is one of the areas with the most ancient civilizations of human history. This is the civilization upstream of the Indus River, which extends upstream of the Gange River. For a long time, at least from 4000 BC to 1000 BC, this place has been a gathering place of settlers such as Mundian, Samerian ...., and the most populous, most prominent is the people Dravidian. It can be said that the center and soul of India's most primitive and pure civilization has been concentrated in the Punjab area, upstream of the Indus. This is an agricultural civilization, in the Bronze Age. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that there is a large city built about two or three thousand years ago.
By the 13th century BC, the Aryan people from Caucasia, between Ly Hai and Black Sea (of Aménia, the former Soviet Union) bordering Europe and Turkey, overran the Hindu- Kush in northwestern India, down to the Punjab where they met the mighty and persistent resistance of the Dravidian, but the Aryans were nomadic, very good fighters, defeated indigenous peoples. The Dravidians partly moved south and south-east, or kept pure or mixed with some other ethnic minorities, forming small states, while others remained in the Punjab, living and under the Aryan rule. .
Perhaps Punjab is a land of convenience, the climate is not so severe; wide valleys have been cleared for cultivation; large cities, regulations; Harmonized living standards, including agriculture, cottage industry and early trade, show a solid civilization and culture. Thus a nomadic tribe of hunters, used to riding a field horsemen with swords, bows of the Aryans, stopped here, imposed their rule on the natives. But the ruler is a man of higher civilization, so the ruler, though he considers himself high-level, has the power to impose, rule, organize the government ... to re-think his thoughts. rule. The two cultures have fused together, the nation has made progress, opening up the world, agriculture, commerce and technology development. Civilization moved to the Iron Age. Thought, religious diversity, more.
The Vedas, especially the Rig-Veda, were formed when the Punjab authorities completely fell into the hands of the Aryans. The core essence of the Sutras is of course the color of the Aryan people, as in ancient times, in the Caucasia or somewhere else, or from the stops, after passing through many mountains, sa the wilderness or the vast prairies, under the fierce sun, in the rain, in the winds of storms, in the cold snow, or in the flickering light of night ... a cosmic cage But there is a close connection with man, something great, wide and hard to describe, praising how much is not enough, it is Brahman. This universe became closer, more specifically through the shadow of the Earth God, the Tree God, the God of the Dravidian people, of the ancient civilization of agriculture.
The thought of Brahman and perhaps even a large number of poems that have been around for a long time now, around 1200 BC to 1000 BC, have been shown, arranged, and further elaborated into rich chants. , nice. Over a period of more than two hundred years, 1017 songs were sung, followed by an additional 11 songs arranged; Rather, some were formed a long time ago and some were added a long time later. Other Vedas such as Samma-Vedas, Yajur-Vedas and Athar-Veda, later known as the Vedas, was formed after that could be centuries. These ministries are too much of a sacrifice.
After a few centuries of fighting, oppression, struggle, blending, tolerance ..., the Punjab region has become a prosperous nation, with a rather brilliant civilization and is often called the Middle National or Central (Medhyadesa). The countries of the urban civilization are flourishing. Kuruksetna, Pancàla, Matsya, Yuracena ... This is the tenth century BC. Central civilization began to flow south and southeast, along the Gange River, in the footsteps of the migrations, mostly of the Aryans; It can sometimes be equine edible, but mostly by friendship, by trade, by the spread of religion, thought, scholarship ... Southern and Southeastern countries. , originally regarded as semiotic or savage, have sought to rise when living with people in the North down. These countries have also learned the Central Secretariat through vassals who are called by the Central States for help, or seek their own way north. The South and Southeast have grown gradually, and for several centuries, to the seventh century BC, have flourished: Kosala, Kasi, Magadha (Magadha) with large cities including the castle, mansion, park, market ... Sàvathi (Kosa-guard) of Kosala, Ragagaha of Magadha, Kosambi of Vamsa (Vam-di), Vesali (Vaisali) of Vajji (Vassana) ...
Cultural civilizations in the Central States have flourished, resulting in the reconciliation of the Dravidian and Aryan civilizations through the system of Vedas, but in the seventh and sixth centuries CE The calendar seems to pause. Brahmins took the Vedas as the basis, and established a strict order of four levels: Brahmana, Shastriya, The Vaisyas, the peasants, the peasants and the peasantry and Sudra, slaves and low-level workers. The four above hierarchies, however, have a strict division in the face of religious practice but clearly affect all areas of the economy, politics, society ... especially at a time when the sense of belonging The religion is highly developed. Spiritual leadership, especially in the practice of religion, sacrifice is the privilege of Brahmin class; Next comes the leadership, direction, and administration of the nation of the Satipatthana class which promotes national development at the outset and mobilizes all activities in the national development process. Such caste divisiveness has, of course, prevented the rise of the labor force of the two classes of Vinaya and the Dalai Lama, which are considered to be inferior or even the last rank. It is almost deprived of all vested interests. Since then, gradually formed the idea of discontent struggle and in the long run, the social reorganization must of course be implemented. Of course, it has prevented the rise of the labor force of the two classes of Vinaya and the Dalai Lama, which are considered to be inferior, even the last rank of the Dalai Lama. All rights reserved. Since then, gradually formed the idea of discontent struggle and in the long run, the social reorganization must of course be implemented. Of course, it has prevented the rise of the labor force of the two classes of Vinaya and the Dalai Lama, which are considered to be inferior, even the last rank of the Dalai Lama. All rights reserved. Since then, gradually formed the idea of discontent struggle and in the long run, the social reorganization must of course be implemented.
According to the Brahma system, the social organization, by virtue of power, has stabilized life, raised production, made a great leap forward, a new turning point in the calendar. the history of India. But as the nation grew, the infrastructure was so advanced that the superstructure had shown signs of failing its role, beginning to hamper the country's development. It can be said that the vitality of the country is now almost depleted. The rituals, religious rituals, and spiritual dependencies and everyday activities of the people on Brahmins are too numerous. All of the city, monotonous, boring. It is time for nations to move forward, receive a different leadership, or it is time for brahmanas to take on leadership roles, to transform into a new system.
Southern and Southeastern countries are developing, the sense of freedom is flourishing, the spirit of pragmatism has followed with the transition to iron civilization in parallel with the development of technology, handicrafts and trade. . All create a new atmosphere, practicality is more human nature.
The Vedas, from the reflection of the clairvoyance (Rsi-Risi), praised the supreme, praising a powerful cosmic empire, Brahman, who then brought Brahman close to him. more by the form of prayers, sacrifices. But once the civilization is high, the thought has developed exponentially, the patterns of the upper body, although dragged down in the way of life through the world, the ritual .... are still far away. well, contrary to the love of freedom, practical love at that time.
The first manifestation of Brahminism is the interpretation of the Vedas in various ways in the Vedanga.Then, the striking feature, marking a step forward, a new stroke from the Vedas is the Upanisads (Upanisads). The doctrine is included in 108 (?) Volumes, in particular thirteen sets are often reminded: Isàvgàsya, Kena, Katha, Chayndoya, Brakadànanyaka, Kansìtaki, Maitrayaniya, Prasna, Mundaka, Tattrirìya, Màndakya, Aitareya and Svetasvatara. More than half of the thirteen sets were formed before Buddha's time (700 to 550 BC). This doctrine aims at explaining and developing the Vedas in a new, concrete, deep, and more spiritual way. The Atman was discovered, deepened. God Brahman is full in Atman, the Great Self is contained in the Self. The meaning of the word Upanisad is sitting near, listening, sitting at the feet of the Master. The personal relationship of the self with supernatural becomes more intimate. Atman means the body, the breath, the essence, the self, the soul. The Upanisad doctrine attempts to advocate the Ngai, illustrating the path for the Self-identity to be consistent with the Great Self, the universe.
From here, the idea of getting rid of the old mold has grown and grown. In parallel with the economic and social context, philosophical thought does not diminish to the dominance of the Vedas system, even though the Vedas have shifted color through the Upanisads. The Six Sects appeared and attracted a large number of followers and disciples, creating a philosophical atmosphere of a new era. This sect, perhaps anti-Vedic thought. In short, based on the Sa-Fruit in the Digha Nikaya, we can say:
Actually, in that scene, there are many other theories. At that time, the ruler of Tan-bhikal was the Canaanite who organized the feast of representatives of all the ninety-six disciples. Such new schools and religions have spread throughout and influenced brahmana.
Countries that are rising in the south and south-east of the Central Region are, of course, still under the influence of Brahminism, but not too heavy, because they are far from the Central, because the people are less pure and because Some other reasons mentioned. These are the plots of land for the cultivation and development of these doctrines. Magadha is the center of the priest's activities. Two sages that the Buddha came to ask when the new monk was Alāra Kālama (Samkhya - Commentary) and Uddaka Rapaputta (Yoga - Yogyakarta) are the two leaders of the famous Saudada group in Magadha (Ma and-Vesali (Vaisali). The Elder Kassapa (Ca-lettuce) of the Latilika Satrika, Nigradha is written in A-ji, near the rajagaha of Magadha (Ma- ... General from Kapilavatthu to Savatthi to Kasina (Sentinel)
Among new emerging countries, Kosala and Magadha are the two largest. Magadha water is very fast, its territory is right downstream of the Gange river, eastward to the sea, west to the Sona river and to the south it borders Pundra (Tan- dollars). Magadha was in dispute with Kasala during the Buddha's time, and by the time of the Buddha's death he had paid a small number of countries and overwhelmed Kosala, the beginning of Indian unification two hundred years later.
In the five hundred years since the tenth century BC, Indian social thought has come through conflicts of struggle, conflict, synthesis, division ... through periods of time. silently, when massively spreading out, reaching the height, settling down deep ..., creating a diverse background, rich with confusing problems, multiple. This is the natural result of a very, very real, dialectical body of human beings, people in a society, in a community of human beings. The transition, restlessness, anxiety of philosophy, the continuing religion has constantly demonstrated the spiritual life, and since then, material life, there are obstacles, not yet complete, and suffering. The truth is universal, full, popular in this reality; the thing, the " Those who do not fully grasp, sometimes only feel for a moment, or longer, but are not enough to be called experiential, informal, and evidence. Again, the method of experiencing truth, the expression in language - whether through communication or reflection - is still a problem.
Let alone India at that time, in addition to the powerful gods accepted in the tradition of faith, there is no real human, historical man, noble but close to human beings, human beings Reality is the ability to reset the problem to solve and then solve all the confusion of thought then. He is not the creator, does not monopolize the truth, does not bring anything new to reality, not put more thought, doctrine. He only tolerated, tolerant, harmony. He begins with reality, realizes and attains in reality with a very real matter of saving mankind, liberating mankind.
He is the Buddha.
He was a prince, Siddhattha, Gotama, Sakya, Shatiya, Suddhodana. He was born in 544 BC, in the garden of Lumbini, on the eastern side of Kapilavatthu (Kapilavatthu), Kapilavatthu.
Ideally, the location of some cities, countries, places where the footprints of the Buddha and the disciples of His disciples should be identified.
Kapilavatthu is a small country, now Tilaura Kot, in Nepal, bordered on India. Slightly west of about one hundred kilometers is the Sàvatthi (Kosa-guard) of Kosala, now Sazh Mahet on the right bank of the Rapti River. About two hundred kilometers south of Kapilavatthu lies Kusinagara (Kasia), in the present day Utta Pradesh, two hundred kilometers east of Vesali. -a-ly) in Vamsa (Vam-di), now Besàrh on the river Gandaki. Continue down East and south, crossing the Gange River, about two hundred kilometers from Vesali, to Rajagaha, the capital of Magadha, now in Bihar. In the south of Rājagaha, a few dozen kilometers are Gaya, now Boddhigaya, where the Buddha attained enlightenment. At that time, the south was mountainous forest, where the Buddha six years ascetic. About three hundred kilometers west of Gaya, The northern one is Baranàsi, which lies on the banks of the Gange. In the direction of the Gange River about three hundred kilometers, it is Kosambi (Kiều-thôi-di) of Vamsa, now Kosam, in the south of Allahàbàd.
These distances are calculated according to the flight path, only relative numbers; By the way, especially at that time, of course, it must be much more than that. The actual number could be twice as long or more.
According to the Sutra, the Siddhattha (and many other suttas), Prince Siddhattha was born thirty-two good generals and eighty beauty, the sign of the cdg, or the future king. Seven days after Prince Siddhartha's birth, Queen Màyadev died. The Prince grew up, trained for all his studies, to his ability to reason, to think, to think, to be outstanding. When he grew up, he had thoughts of wanting to escape, directing; King knows, use all luxury material to force his feet. At the behest of his father, he married Yasodhàra (Da-du-da-la), a virtuous princess, virtuous partner of Kosala. At twenty-nine, he had a son, Rahula. Seeing the symbols of suffering (old, sick, dying) and the serenity of a Satan, after many reflections, take care of suffering, rescue the suffering, liberation, Prince decided to secretly leave the palace, abandon all what the world called the world happiness, go to find great direction. Late in the night, he came out of a straight line to the end of Kapilavatthu. Here he departed from Chandaka, his loyal servant, and Kanthaka, his son. He changed the king, dressed monk, a single line on the way. He went south and crossed the hills and villages to Vesali to study the Allaah Kālama, the Samkhya leader, and then attained the highest rank that he This is achieved by importing Indigenous Peoples. Unsatisfied with this result, the Prince went down to the East, knelt down south, crossed the Gange River, came to Magadha, headed for the Rajagaha capital, where the concentration of culture, the study of the famous sectarian schools to study with Uddaka Ramaputta, leader of yoga, and soon he attained the highest rank. of this is to enter the non-ideal non-ideal. This is the highest result that contemporary people have achieved. With great wisdom, the prince, or rather, Bodhisattva sees that in this great fruit still entangled karma, the truth has not been fully experienced. He came to the same place around, realizing that no one in the world could teach him any more, so decided to leave Uddaka Rapaputta to find a place to practice, liberation. This is the highest result that contemporary people have achieved. With great wisdom, the prince, or rather, Bodhisattva sees that in this great fruit still entangled karma, the truth has not been fully experienced. He came to the same place around, realizing that no one in the world could teach him any more, so decided to leave Uddaka Rapaputta to find a place to practice, liberation. This is the highest result that contemporary people have achieved. With great wisdom, the prince, or rather, Bodhisattva sees that in this great fruit still entangled karma, the truth has not been fully experienced. He came to the same place around, realizing that no one in the world could teach him any more, so decided to leave Uddaka Rapaputta to find a place to practice, liberation.
According to him, there are five disciples of Uddaka: Annà Kodannà, Assaji, Dasabàla Kassapa and Bhadaka. The Bodhisattva and five other Sa-subjects go south, to the Uruvela (Uu-long-frequency-speakers), called Gaya, exceeded about ten kilometers to a deep forest mountain confidant; There, the West is the Niranjara (Ni-inter-boat). He and five companions chose to practice asceticism.
For six years, Bodhisatta suffered hunger, cold ..., body worn only skin bones. He tries to meditate, to meditate, to meditate, to control the breath, to even try to stop breathing to seek spiritual liberation.Fatigue, pain, feeling unsettled still show. He recalled his previous experience, although he was in meditation, he was very comfortable, calm, gentle (felt at seven when his father made the ceremony);that's the opposite! He realized that he was not on the right track, had leaned toward an extreme. He decided to eat and drink again for good health, abandoning the practice of the body. Five of the samadhi members, the Kodannas, claimed that he was outcast, leaving him to go west to Baranàsi about three hundred km away, in Kàsi,
Bodhisattva only now alone in the forest, solitary but peaceful, determined to become a director. He took a bath in the Niranjaga River and headed north to return to Gaya, Uruvela, not far from the main road, village, but a quiet, green forest, Bodhisattva used porridge milk village of Sujàta ( Tu-ra-idea), offering eight grass grass cutters named Svastika (Kiet Tuong) to spread as a seat, on a flat stone, under an old tree (later called Bodhi - Bodhi). He vowed not to leave here when he was not attained. Except when he came out to meditate around this place, during the seven weeks he entered the dharma and eventually attained enlightenment.
From now on, Shakyamuni has become the greatest enlightenment, worthy of the ten titles: Tathagata, Candidate, Chastity, Hanh Tuc, Thien Thiet, World Cup, Supreme Master, Truong Phu, Thien Nhon Su, Buddha, the Sun.
The Buddha reached the ultimate truth, became the truth. Truth is still expressed in the reality of the world, but because of ignorance obscured, people can not enter the truth, life has to wander, writhing pain in the birth of samsara. The Buddha gave up all to find the truth, not to destroy ignorance, transcend life, eliminate the suffering is present in life? Thus, after seven days of sitting quietly under the Bodhi tree enjoying the joyful bliss of the Great Eye, Lord Buddha thought of the supreme law and the limits of human wisdom, wondering about bringing France to teach people life.
The Maha Vagga (Maha Vagga) wrote about the thought of the Buddha at that time:
But the work continues:
Then the Buddha returned to the world, opened the truth, teaches people to see, understand the body (enter, market, enlightenment, enter).
This decision was made at the place where he became a director. The two merchants along with the convoy carrying goods to the North, across that place, see the beautiful posture beautiful, gentle Buddha, was happy to give, worship, worship Him. To be taught by the Buddha, both of them sincerely ask for refuge. These two are called Bhallika and Trapusha are considered the first two disciples of the Buddha.The content of the Buddha's instructions to the two laypeople is not recorded, but certainly these are comforting words, words moral, ethical, conventional, in accordance with the basis of an ordinary person that any sage can preach; The thing that convinced them was probably the visualization, the general appearance of the Enlightenment.
The Buddha was a living man, who reflected, learned, practiced and attained Dharma. He is the result of an organic life process, an organic organism that is a life, a thoughtful person, who has been operating for a long time from time immemorial. The supreme Dharma that He attained, as mentioned above, is the permanent, final, absolute law, still expressed in every aspect of life. There are things that reflect truths that people do not grasp, or just take the sporadic odd, or inferior to it. He is the highest monk, the most noble results and decided to bring the supreme Dharma to open up, save suffering for beings. Buddha, Dharma, Sangha, the fullness of the Three Jewels, his fullness is the Triple Jewels.
The great Buddha was not the one who created the new, but that he knew the system, modified, perfected all the philosophical ideas he had, or rather, he knew. The method, the content of the truth that he is enlightened, reflects the Dharma he experienced, attained, refocused, and himself is the Dharma. "Is this Fa not due to my realization? Why do not we worship and take it as a refuge?" (Comparative, A-junction, 44).
The Bible continues:
Righteousness is the Buddha, the Buddha, or vice versa, so the Buddha taught:
So after the Buddha passed away, the Brahmin Maggallana and Vassakara asked who was the successor of the Buddha, Phra Ananda replied:
Because the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha are one, so without Buddha, one can rely on the Buddha and the Sangha. The problem is that the monk, the Buddhist Church must do to take on that great function.
Sangha, in principle, is a unified body, manifested just like the Dharma, like the Buddha, the Dharma, the Buddha. That is the content that will be developed next. END=NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.24/5/2018.
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