A) Introduction
The twelve conditions (Ten Noble Truths) are a special presentation of the doctrine of Dependent Origination (Paticcasamuppada) [1]). This doctrine is manifested by the Bodhisattva of Siddhartha under the Bodhi Tree after 49 days of meditative thinking, from which he became a complete Enlightenment.
The twelve conditions, or dependent origination, are a very specific teaching, which defines the difference between Buddhism and other religions. It is at the core of Buddhist life, consistently mentioned in all sutras. Awareness of the twelve doctrines of predestined relationships will help Buddhist learners understand more about other issues such as karma, reincarnation and cause and effect ... and suggest a positive direction for each individual at present.
B) Content
I / Definition:
1- What is predestined?
Multiplication is the deciding factor, the main condition that arises, the presence of a being. Duyen is a condition of support, the effect of making people arise. For example: rice grain is the kernel of rice; factors such as soil, moisture, sunlight, sow ... are the conditions for seeds to grow into rice. Human relationships - conditions are actually much more complex and subtle, especially in the mental world; and "predestined" to say enough is "human - conditions - results".
"Causality" in "twelve conditions" implies "dependent origination": the dependence on each other that arises, the arising depends, saying precisely "because this is present, that is ; because this is not present, the other is not present, because of this birth, the other is born;
2- What are the twelve conditions?
In the Samyutta Nikaya, the Buddha has explained about the twelve conditions (dependent origination) as follows:
"Due to ignorance, there is birth; due to action, there is birth; birth, due to the name of birth, the birth of the continent, due to the intimidation, the arising of birth, the birth, the love, the birth, the birth, the birth, the friendship, the birth, the birth , there is old death, sorrow, compassion, pity, goodness, brain birth, or the whole of being born.
"Due to the removal [2] craving, ignorance completely, to kill; because the action should be killed, due to consciousness kill so good name; ...; by birth and death, death, death, death , pros, brain, cessation, so as the whole of the aggregate, the cessation of cessation. (p 1-2)
The twelve conditions are defined by the Buddha in two directions: Circulation : due to ignorance, abstinence ...) and the direction of annihilation (also known as the completion of craving: due to the cessation of craving, ignorance should completely destroy ...).When the twelve conditions are established (the initiation), that is, the five aggregates [3] start up, and this is the direction of pain and reincarnation. When these twelve links are broken, the five aggregates are disintegrated, and this is the path of peace and liberation. The five aggregates are the structure of people and life. The existence of man himself speaks of the twelve conditions that are operating in the direction of initiation.
According to the above presentation, ignorance is seen as the root, the source and the core of the twelve conditions. However, one should not misunderstand ignorance as the first cause of that link chain. Because the Buddha taught, ignorance is also due to karmic origins, which are dependent origination. When there are conditions (positive), ignorance will also transform wisdom and wisdom; This is the meaning of "ignorance, intelligent birth".
A little attention should also be paid to the number of items (12 parts) of this form of dependent origination. The definition given above, extracted from the Central Business II, is the most typical presentation, including all 12 parts. In some other business texts, such as the Dai Duyen (School of Economics II), the Great Ðại Coast (School A Ham I) ... The Buddha presented only 5, 8, 10, 11 and the most complete is 12 spent part. This problem is meticulously analyzed by competent Buddhist researchers, and all agree, the 12-item section is determined by the meditation content of the Buddha under the Bodhi Tree. This is the most accurate, complete and suitable form for human thinking. The difference in the number of items of the parts is only to show the flexible method of teaching of the Buddha, he depends on the level of the listener who speaks briefly or completely.
The object of hearing the doctrine of the twelve causes and conditions is man, because of heavy attachment to attachment and attachment, the Buddha always insists on these parts, especially in the direction, the path of cessation - liberation. When charity (or whatever part of life) arises, immediately the structure of 12 conditions forms; and vice versa, when the part of love or defense (or any part of it) ends, immediately the chain of 12 causes and conditions falls apart. This is also the meaning, in the comment of Grand Master Ba Sa, saying that the Dependent Origination has a good part, two, three, ... for up to 12 parts.
II) The meaning of twelve predestined parts:
1- Ignorance (Avijjà): confusion, greed of the mind; In other words, the true ignorance of existence is dependent, impermanent and without an independent, unchanging self.
2- Action (Sankhāra): motivation, willpower artifact (intention) of body, mouth and mind.
3- Consciousness (Vinnana): human perception of the world through functional organs such as eyes (consciousness), ears (atrium), nose (consciousness), tongue (consciousness), body (body consciousness) and mind (consciousness).
4 - Identity (Nàma - rūpa ): rupa is the physical and physiological part, the name is the psychological part. For people, identity is their physical body, senses and functions; the mind is dependent (mind-base), like contact, intention, feeling, thought and private.
5- Entering (Chabbithana): There are places called six lands, the interaction between the six bases (= 6 internal organs: eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind) and their objects are 6 ceilings (= 6 foreign countries: form, sound bar, taste, taste, touch and idea - dharma).
6- Exposure (Phassa): the encounter, contact, interference between the bases (subjects) and the ceiling (objects). More specifically, the main contact is the contact between people and the world through 6 perception agencies. Note that when consciousness arises because the eye is in contact with the body (rupa), that awareness is called the eye consciousness ... So, contact is the encounter, the interference between the mind, the ceiling and the consciousness. .
7- Life (Vedanà): feeling. In other words, psychological reactions arise when the eye is in contact with the body, the ear is exposed to the sound ... it is meant to come into contact with the idea (dharma).
Feelings have three types: pleasant feeling (feeling lost), unpleasant feeling (long-life feeling) and neutral feeling (non-sensation). This is the material that people often take to build the values called happiness and pain and unhappiness. In fact, they are conditioned, always changing, without a fixed self-nature.
8- Ai (Tanhà): enough is called craving or thirst: entanglement, love, attachment; including sexuality, love and love.
9- Player (Upadàna): enough call is attachment: the jam, clinging, wearing tightly to the mind on an object.
10-Friendship (Bhava): the process of interdependent formation, including sexual, organic and formless.
11- Born (Jati): birth, creation, appearance. Birth here is not the birth of a baby, but the achievement of the constituent parts (the five aggregates), the achievement of the lands (the perception organs and their functions).
12- Lao Tzu (Jaramrana): weakness, decline, longevity, disintegration, loss, death. With human life, aged death is manifested in the phenomenon of: wiggle teeth, gray hair, wrinkled skin, weakened and deadly perception organs.
III) Operation of the twelve conditions:
Through the meaning of the twelve parts of predestined relationships, especially the part of the continent, once again affirms that this form of dependent origination is the doctrine of man, because only in man is full enough 6 perception agencies. Therefore, talking about the operation of the twelve conditions is also about the operation of people.
Because it is unaware that existence (human and world) is due to the conditions of harmony that arise, is constantly changing and does not have a permanent self, so man delusion about a self: this is me and This is mine (Ignorance). It is this illusion and unconsciousness that disturbs the mind, gives rise to craving, attachment ... And that is the motive for actions of body, speech and mind. Whenever the idea of a self arises, consciousness is present. The existence of Consciousness requires the presence of cognitive subjects and cognitive objects (Identity, Luc). When the base, the ceiling and the consciousness meet each other (Luc), then the Emotions arise. Feelings (Life) are present when the mind, ceiling and consciousness interfere; feelings will flow like a waterfall without any energy can be prevented, because the nature of feeling is so. Life includes psychological reactions before the subject such as sad, happy, love, hate, neutral ... Pleasant feelings will give rise to love (Ai). In Ai contains attachment and it is expressed in many forms corresponding to the realms of consciousness (Huu).Friendship creates Birth, and whenever there is Birth, the process of weakening, disintegrating, losing will operate as a natural consequence: that is, death, sadness, compassion, pity, favor, and brain; or pain is present. That is the operation of the twelve conditions in the direction of arising (circulation) - this dimension of motivation has the motivation of ignorance, craving and attachment. In other words, this is the path of pain, reincarnation is led and governed by ignorance. In Ai contains attachment and it is expressed in many forms corresponding to the realms of consciousness (Huu).Friendship creates Birth, and whenever there is Birth, the process of weakening, disintegrating, losing will operate as a natural consequence: that is, death, sadness, compassion, pity, favor, and brain; or pain is present. That is the operation of the twelve conditions in the direction of arising (circulation) - this dimension of motivation has the motivation of ignorance, craving and attachment. In other words, this is the path of pain, reincarnation is led and governed by ignorance. In Ai contains attachment and it is expressed in many forms corresponding to the realms of consciousness (Huu).Friendship creates Birth, and whenever there is Birth, the process of weakening, disintegrating, losing will operate as a natural consequence: that is, death, sadness, compassion, pity, favor, and brain; or pain is present. That is the operation of the twelve conditions in the direction of arising (circulation) - this dimension of motivation has the motivation of ignorance, craving and attachment. In other words, this is the path of pain, reincarnation is led and governed by ignorance. craving and attachment. In other words, this is the path of pain, reincarnation is led and governed by ignorance. craving and attachment. In other words, this is the path of pain, reincarnation is led and governed by ignorance.
In the explanation of the twelve causes and conditions, the Buddha not only raised the path of initiation, as analyzed above, but he pointed out the cause of the initiation and the path of the end. Every time it destroys any part of the chain of 12 chains, it immediately disintegrates. However, for people, craving and attachment are the most severe; so the end of craving or attachment, the chain of twelve conditions has no reason to exist. That is the meaning of the Buddha's teaching: "Ai kill instant nirvana".
The operation of the twelve conditions is not simply the process of forming a life (from the primitive notion of being to the last breath), but its functioning (dimension of establishment - circulation) speaking of the cause of human presence (and life); It is not limited by time and space. When craving, attachment, or ignorance are not yet finished, people are still dominated by the operation of the twelve conditions - that is, still vicious in reincarnation, endless pain - when 12 causes and conditions. kill, synonymous with the whole of the aggregate of death.
IV) Some explanations of the twelve conditions:
The twelve conditions, or dependent origination, are the principles of all existence. It is true so it is not confined to space and time. The Buddha affirmed that: "Pratyekabuddha is the essence of all existence, this fact does not change whether or not Tathagata appears or not." A small existence like a nucleus of an atom that is as big as the universe is not out of this principle. With that characteristic, the doctrine of the twelve conditions can be used to illuminate many other issues in life such as reincarnation, cause and effect ... depending on the angle of observation of the interpreter. There are only 4 ways to explain how to explain this.
1- Generalized form:
"Because this is present, the other is present; because this is not present, the other is not present; because of this being, the other is born; (Minor Kinh, p.291). This form is the most general, abstract and simple presentation by Buddha himself. It is seen as a principle for all existences in the phenomenal world. To be more precise, if the twelve conditions are a form of interdependent origination of human beings, then the form of generalization talks about the nature of the phenomenal world, especially the world without consciousness (world gas).
2- Three generations of cause and effect (Three generations of causal and dual
Three lives are past, present and future (future). According to this explanation, ignorance and practice belong to the past; currently consists of 8 parts (from final to organic); birth and old death belong to the future. On the other hand, consciousness, nama and rupture are considered the present result of the past cause of ignorance and deeds, this is the first cause and effect floor. The limbs of life, craving, defilement and possession are the current causes for the future fruits of birth and aging; This is the second causal class. The combination of these two causal classes with conditions creates a closely-correlated, continuous relationship of time flow: past - present - future. Through this explanation, the idea of using the twelve doctrinal causes to explain samsara is evident. However, such a division will easily lead to a misconception, such as ignorance and oneness only in the past, 8 parts of the sequel are only present, birth and old death belong to the future (!).In fact, in the present (and right in each part) there was ignorance. When a limb exists, there is immediately the existence of eleven genera. If any part is absent, the 12-part affinity is self-destructive. As analyzed, the twelve conditions are a continuum, intertwined, independent of time (past, present or future). This explanation inadvertently crude and simplifies the doctrine of the twelve conditions - a doctrine which is considered very profound and subtle. The twelve conditions are a continuum, intertwined, not dependent on time (past, present or future).This explanation inadvertently crude and simplifies the doctrine of the twelve conditions - a doctrine which is considered very profound and subtle. The twelve conditions are a continuum, intertwined, not dependent on time (past, present or future). This explanation inadvertently crude and simplifies the doctrine of the twelve conditions - a doctrine which is considered very profound and subtle.
3- The cause and effect:
When saying "Due to ignorance, birth ...", should not be understood as the act of ignorance born. Between ignorance and onions ... is a linear, unilateral and causal relationship; that is, the parts of the twelve conditions that exist depend on the time factor (before - after). This explanation says that even within a moment [4] there is a full existence of all 12 parts. When the notion of an ego and mine (self) is present, there is immediately a causal chain of continuity: the will to create (the act), the perception of perception and attachment (consciousness) .. . to aging death, melancholy, compassion, pity, favor, brain. Each part is both a result and a cause for other parts, they nurture each other.
4- The existence of a human life (radical network):
One of the three determinants of forming a fetus is the existence of karma to reincarnate. This karma is the result of ignorance and deeds in the past. The period of conception is the time when identity is present.Entering is the stage when the fetus is fully formed. The stage of sucking babies is the stage of contact. Children from 3-5 years of age are at the time of formation. From here onwards, according to this interpretation, a manifestation of past karma, children have not yet made good and evil thoughts to create their current karma. When children know how to be happy, happy, love, hate ... is a time of love, love, friendship, and this is the stage that children create karma to lead to the formation of a new body in the future (birth, aging and death) ).
V) Some conclusions from the doctrine of the twelve conditions:
1 - Man (and life) is the existence of the structure of twelve conditions, so there is no independent and permanent self. Man is the master of his life, because the doctrine of the twelve conditions shows the truth: "It is impossible to find a creator, a Brahman, or any other person, to master the cycle of life. only progressive phenomena, depending on the conditions "[5].
2- People and life are non-self, do not have a permanent self-nature (impermanence), so within each person there is always a potential for enlightenment, and life always has the opportunity to build up well. pretty.
3 - When one of the twelve causes and conditions operates, the remaining eleven genera also operate. This speaks of the connection between the "one" and the "all", beyond the concept of space and time, thereby confirming the existence of all kinds of divine powers.
C) Conclusion
1- The twelve conditions are doctrines about people and tell the audience to be human.Because people are caught in ignorance, love and attachment, the Buddha especially emphasizes these parts when guiding people to practice for the purpose of liberation and enlightenment.
2- Twelve predestined relationships, or dependent origination, are not a doctrine used to accept ego or to explain the world; but this is the truth and is a practice because of practical liberation for people. Therefore, this teaching is the basis of right understanding (first in the eightfold Path). In other words, right view is a comprehensive, true view of the dharmas that are conditioned.
3 - Anatta or liberation, Nirvana is not an empty state, but an emptiness of the idea of a permanent self. In other words, it is a state of absence of ignorance, craving and attachment.
4 - All values in life are relative, because life is conditioned, always smooth and impossible to grasp.
5- Existence or life is the existence of multilateral relations between people and people, between people and social environment, natural environment ... When an individual lives well, he is contributing build a good society, and vice versa. Each person must be responsible to the community, because building a community is protecting them personally.
6- Twelve predestined relationships, or doctrines of dependent origination, are an extremely subtle and confusing doctrine, because people are already familiar with the way of thinking, falling from scratch. Wanting a right understanding of this doctrine requires constant observation and thinking about it. Reflecting on and practicing the teaching of the twelve conditions (in the direction of the cessation), it is certain that each step will bring to the practitioner a life of generosity, altruism, liberation and peace in the present. Because as the Buddha taught: "Whoever sees the Pratyekabuddha and sees the Dharma, who sees the Dharma sees the Buddha (I)" . Seeing Buddha is to see the ultimate reality, beyond all the constraints of the fallen world - limited by this ignorance, craving and attachment. END=NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=THICH CHAN TANH.GOLDEN AMITABHA MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.25/5/2019.
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