Chapter Three

The formation of the  clinic

When finding the big striker,  Buddha  has  asserted : "I will bring light  intelligentinsight to  life  is the darkness  of ignorance  covered. I will  liberate  life  from old age, death and all the suffering".

By  kindness  compassion,  Buddha  instead of enjoying  happiness  Nirvana  countless outstanding  care after the  witness , he was  back to  earth , and sends the  message to save suffering  to  mankind . He was the Mau-ni (Muni:  tranquility), has  become  Tao  professor to teach  people  to destroy ignorance . He taught  Congregation  His Sangha  monks  of the four directions (Catudisa Bikkhusangha), he always told every  disciple  must " 

Since then,  Buddhism has come  into being . Sangha  means the  collective community  ,  society . Organizations and  activities  Sangha quickly escape the  sense  to abandon life , wandering life,  loneliness  of the  sect  contemporaries to put on one  form of  another,  consistent  with  the mission  of liberation  for  the Life .

Now, we consider  the form  of living  of the Sangha, from the wandering life, from a place where a tree, a rock, a cave to a hut, a house to a  nexus , A  monastery ; Ie the process of settling into settlement. This is a  special form  of activity   of the  Buddhist monks  compared to other  contemporary  congregations.

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Part of the book above mentioned life with happy wandering  mendicant ,  a student  public of the mass of all recluses of  the sect  at the time. Obviously  we have  identified  that the  alms  of recluses not about from house to house, to meet each person to obtain pieces of rice  handouts  because  of pity  for the poor sick, not  relatives of kin ; It is not a lousy pursuit, not  capable of  working  effectively  to feed themselves. On the contrary , alms  here is to  implement  a  deeds  have  meaningful  ethics  sublime. It is the  acceptance of  a poor life  , no  private property , no  material desire  ,  alms to  create  conditions  for others  to express from the heart , to release their  private property  to  give ,  share material for others, not to mention to  satisfy  a  psychological improvement gentle ,  positive ,       

The weather  in  India  does not  allow  the Sa- alates to  go  begging year round . The rainy season usually starts mid-June and lasts for three months. The whole sky was cloudless, the rain was pouring down, the water flooded the streets, the water rises, the rivers and lakes were wide. Snake insect crawls on the road, roadside, tree stump, patio, pavement, etc. The cultivation and trading also stalled. Generally, all  activities  normally  are obstacles, slow down or to stop, to wait for the end of the rainy season. Thus, the  monk  wandering  mendicant  also suspended travel to shelter somewhere. The shelter wait for all rainy season, Brahmins called Dhruvasìla, Jainism called Pajjusama, And Buddhism  called Vassa. As such,   rainy season retreat is a  common practice  for  congregations .

But Brahmins and Jains do not talk about "living together"  during  the rainy season. The  brahmanical books are said  to be "living in one place" (Ekatra), or "fixed place" (Dhruvasìla). Jainism  allows  the master (Acraperopadhijàna) to live  together . In the days from the  establishment  Increase - old  until  when, as is written is composed of one thousand two hundred and fifty monks, before the  retreat  rainy season first in  Truc Lam (Veluvana) of King Bimbisara,  Congregation  Buddha They  still wander around like other  congregations  .

The monks are  mostly  Arahants, living alone or in small groups in the forest, in the cave, in the huts, which are Arannakas.

By the time  the congregation  becomes more crowded, some  embryonic precepts  with the  form of  "should do", "should not do",  sometimes  the monks from the places  gather  around  the Buddha  to hear him. Teach and read  the precepts . And when  the congregation  was overcrowded, the  gathering  in one place  became  inconvenient due to the distance, because the meeting place was not  enough  space ... so  the Buddha  allowed the monks depending  on  the region,  gathering  Together  in groups,   

To prepare to  settle , the monks have to  build their own  tent shelter. A set of tents in close proximity, which may have large rooms for meetings, have a private room or tent in a plot. All are  built  with the  material light, easy to identify, such as wood, bamboo, mud, soil, leaf ... The private cabanas can merge them  together into suites, could hang up high up into a Or two floors, the type of residence as presented is called Âvasa, in the countryside, in the forest. Another type called Arama abode is the base was  set up  in the cities, vast, spacious,  comfortable , often  located  in a large garden,  beautiful , by laymen  bourgeois  offerings in a  time limit , or  permanently . The   large clinics ,  known  as Veluvana ( Truc Lam ), Jetavana ( Ky Vien  or  Thang Lam ), etc. are all the same.

The AVASA (abode in rural areas) or Arama (residence in urban areas) are abode no  personality  settlements which are the abode only in the rainy season. But later, the rainy season as much abode according to the number of monks and was  built  certainly ,  amenities  more. The monks after three months of  retreat , leave abode then years after the  return to  the old place  retreat where you find  convenient , have fellowship  appropriate ...

Each AVASA or Arama is an area with  scope  given , is  determined by the line called Diamond World (SIMA). As a  rule , the area of  a residence  is calculated in square terms. We  distinguish  two types of  boundaries (as presented): Diamond  gender self  course and gender as  fixed . Cuong  presented itself of course take milestone in  nature  , such as rivers, large stumps, rocks ... 1 km wide each surface area if the people had their homes; Or broader, about two kilometers if in the forest; or  withdraw  less than a hundred meters if the danger zone (like  beasts ). The realm of determinism  is the realm formed through  the  proceedings of the Sangha. If the place of residence is  wide enough, there are enough lecture halls , rooms ... the circle consists of two layers; The outer ring is called the world, each surface nearly twenty kilometers, including the house residents (about the abode of monks and nuns, the world is  only about two kilometers each). Ring in including  hall, the scope  is not certain  according to  base wide or narrow, but wide enough to meet the minimum  twenty people sitting spread his arms out without touching people on both sides. If the place of residence is wide enough, there are enough lecture halls , rooms ... the circle consists of two layers; The outer ring is called the world , each surface nearly twenty kilometers, including the house residents (about the abode of monks and nuns, the world is only about two kilometers each). Ring in including hall, the scope is not certain according to base wide or narrow, but wide enough to meet the minimum twenty people sitting spread his arms out without touching people on both sides. If the place of residence is wide enough, there are enough  lecture halls , rooms ... there are two classes; The outer ring is called  the world , each surface nearly twenty kilometers, including the house residents (about the abode of monks and nuns,  the world is only about two kilometers each). Ring in including hall, the scope is not certain according to base wide or narrow, but wide enough to meet the minimum twenty people sitting spread his arms out without touching people on both sides. The world is only about two kilometers each. Ring in including hall, the scope is not certain according to base wide or narrow, but wide enough to meet the minimum twenty people sitting spread his arms out without touching people on both sides. The world is only about two kilometers each. Ring in  including hall,  the scope is not  certain according to base wide or narrow, but wide enough to meet  the minimum twenty people sitting spread his arms out without touching people on both sides.

The abode to  settle  may be of different sizes  depending on  the group of monks living (Avasika). To  become  a part of monks  living , having  rights ,  discipline ... then the minimum number   must include four monks and unlimited maximum, the number of monks can Up to several thousand.

The monks  living  in each residence, individual, self-  decision  as it is often called Sangha  Rajgir , Sangha Phệ-amnesty-ly, Sangha Xa-defense ...  The reason there multiple  units  to small, individual so is because the number of monks were overcrowded, have the taste  selling point  Increases, go to place to  spread thedoctrine , developed Sangha in the way, remains of the four Sangha, have  personality  unified. Some monks may from  unit  to  unit of  other  activities ,  gatherings  and on principle,  shares  a new worry arrangement, create conditions good for monks arrived. This is a very common occurrence in  the  Buddhist congregation .

Initially ,  an abode  just equipped with the  amenities  minimal  as the seat, berth, roof, walls ... Do advocated poverty, living  alms  should abode no room contains furniture, no kitchen Nuc ... Later, the number of monks are more crowded, there are many sick, there should be  lay people  to cook, the  items  offered by  the layman  more and more should have a place to store furniture  . Life in every abode  relatively  with  convenient  than before.

The AVASA (abode in remote areas), because  nature  is not  sustainable because it is built with  materials  lighter, because the hand is not a professional (the monks), though requires a lot of effort  building , still or damaged or stolen  material  as uninhabited. To avoid  losing the  building  to shelter, the monks often  return to  the same place the following year in the rainy season. Want well maintained accommodation, the turns must remain  custodians ; And because of the  convenience , some stayed in  long-term residences  after  the settling season . Since then, the  way of settlement has tended to take shape. The Arama (urban abode) by lay  bourgeois  offerings  as often  spacious ,  comfortable , including several maids, the  gathering  of monks in the place more and more. Some monks arrived in a little time should not need to  have an arrangement, and must be prepared before the transfer of personnel, materials , organizing activities for Lent . Therefore, some monks responsible for this work, must live there must be settled before and after the season of residence and may last from year to year. including some maids, the gathering of monks in the place more and more. Some monks arrived in a little time should not need to have an arrangement, and must be prepared before the transfer of personnel, materials , organizing activitiesfor Lent . Therefore, some monks responsible for this work, must live there must be settled before and after the season of residence and may last from year to year. including some maids, the gathering of monks in the place more and more. Some monks arrived in a little time should not  need to have an arrangement, and must be prepared before the transfer of personnel,  materials , organizing  activities for Lent . Therefore, some monks responsible for this work, must live there must be settled before and after the season of residence and may last from year to year. organize activities for Lent . Therefore, some monks responsible for this work, must live there must be settled before and after the season of residenceand may last from year to year. organize activities for  Lent . Therefore, some monks responsible for this work, must live there must be settled before and after the  season of residence and may last from year to year.

At this point, the  activities  of  the congregation  have changed on the  form . Settlements that have formed  alms-begging  are always  respected . The Âràma are everywhere. Can glance  views  Vihara  Truc Lam (Vekuvana) in  Rajgir  by King Bimbisara  offerings  is clear: the King had asked permission to  Buddha  and be  approved  for many maids (Aramika) and Supervisor (Aramika-pesaka ) To  care , work for  the clinic . The population was so crowded that a commune called "Pilinda-chicken".

It is  recognized  by that time tens  Vihara  organized on a large scale to  make offerings  to the  congregation  Buddhism : Veluvanarama ( Bamboo Forest ) near Rajagaha ( Rajgir ); Pubharama east  Rajgir ; Jìvakàrama in rajagaha; Ambapàli-Vana in Vesali (Vaisali); Markathrada is near Vesali; Udambari-Kāràma (also known as Paribbàja Kāràma) is located on the Sappini River, Kukkutàràma; Chositàràma; Badaritàràma, Pàvàrikàniavana; Ghosavati-àràma are in Kosambi, Jetavanàràma in Sàvatthi, Nigrodhàràma in Kapilavatthu, Isipatana ( Deer Park ) in Baranàsi (Balang) etc.

Among  his residence  on three  Vihara  famous  by archaeologists recorded  traces , collection  document  is: Jivakarama, Jetavanarama and Ghositarama. The other  clinics  only  find the  name, some only left the old ground, a little trace of architecture. Here are some sketches of three  Vihara  time list above, according to  documents  of Sukumar  Dutt (Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India - G. Allen and Unwin LTD. London, 1962 ).

Jivakarama ( Vihara  States-promoted)

Which is a mango orchard on the outskirts of Rajagaha ( Rajgir ) not far from foothills Gradhrakuta ( Buddha  often  frequented  this mountain when he to  Rajgir ). Who is also  Vihara  is Jivaka, a medicine, surgery celebrated the  Buddha . Many stories about Jivaka Pali in Beijing  Venerable Ministry (Theravada) and Sanskrit ( Sanskrit ) of the  First World  Organic Ministry (Sarvastivada). Mahavagga VIII (of the  Theravada ) said that capital Jivaka was the son of a  nobleman  of  Rajgir  named Salavati Thrown out  of  the bin , picked up by Prince Abhaya (Jìkava means "survivor", probably when the baby was picked up from  the bin , Abhaya exclaimed). Jikàva was sent to study medicine at Takkasilā, the center  of contemporary  studies. Jiuvaka  returned to  Wang Xa , very  famous  for his medical profession, very  wealthy . He used to  take care ofhealth  for  the Buddha  and his tomb is glass, he also taught medicine for some monks  disciples  Buddha . His gift to  the congregation  is   this large dispensary, 

Archaeologists excavated and  found  the ground floor of  the clinic  . This is an area, which has two large oval huts  separated by a large yard. In front of a large oval row. There are  also large and small suites in front and sides, arranged vertically and horizontally. There is a large yard before and after. Around the wall surrounded by the cover. Outside, close to the wall, the fruit bowl has pottery vaults. We also  find  here some iron nails, bricks, symbolic  animals , crude earthen pottery. The walls were probably built of mud bricks mixed with mud, and the roof was probably covered with paintings.

Jetavanarama ( Fine amnesty  refund period)

Vihara  be paired with the name Anathapindika ( Anathapindika ) is  Vihara biggest,  famous  one. It was here,  the Buddha  had  spent  nineteen  Lent (with  document  protection is twenty five  Lent ).

People worship this planet is far Anathapindika're  bourgeois  resource owners (Setthi) Savatthi (Xa-defense), he had to Rajagaha with the order in the first year is Buddha Dharma work here. He went to his wife's house, seen here busy composing milk house, worried party, asked the then known  family is preparing boys Sanskrit  offerings  Buddha  and monks monks,  disciples  Him. All night, he  could  not sleep; The next morning, he woke up very early, when he was not in the morning he had rushed to  the Buddha . For the first time, he  admired the Blessed One , at which  time  he  woke up  and was walking in the cold morning. He came close to  prostrate  him, self-  referral  and  request  the Buddha  and gods  disciple  next to his office to the son,  the Buddha accepted. The following day, during the  offering  , he invited the  Buddha  and the monks to Sàvatthi, where he was staying, to settle down the  next rainy season. The petition is  also accepted . In the offering of the son, he again requested the Buddha and the monks to Sàvatthi, where he was staying, to settle the rainy season next year. The petition is also accepted . In the offering of the son, he again  requested theBuddha and the monks to Sàvatthi, where he was staying, to  settle the rainy season next year. The  petition is also  accepted .

On the way back Savatthi, met anyone Anathapindika also exclaimed: "Hey you, prepare  his residence ,  monastery , ready supplies. A Buddha has  appeared  in  the world . I have invited him and he will be back This is "(Culla Vagga VI, 4.8 -  Small Product ). At Savatthi, he are constantly  looking for  a place  suitable  for residence for  Buddha  and union monks and  finally  noticed  the gardens of  the Prince  Jeta (United-momentum) is the  ideal  one, he immediately asked to buy. The owner of the garden was too rich, did not need the money but also joked that raised a price  too  high. Upon immediately and worry Anathapindika prepared to meet  conditions for  the price. But  Prince  Jeta  changed his mind , refused to sell the garden. The  matter must be  brought  before the  lawyer and Anàthapindika is allowed to buy the garden. Each car he drove gold to littered the ground as  the conditions  of the covenant, only those trees are not sprayed place was, he went to ask if the  intention  of all  human world  because no covenant raised this point. Appreciate  the  sincerity  of the  chief ,  Prince Siddhartha ignored  details above, In the garden of the aunt and dad , the tree of Prince Udayadh ( Grade -II, Life-Expectancy or Life-Expectancy ). Then bourgeois  built a Vihara  voluminous, full amenities : full kinds  of premises, the lecture hall , kitchen, storage, toilet, place a stroll, well exposed, well sealed, beach Baths, baths, lakes, etc., each built into several, ... (these details  are in Mahà Vagga III, 5,6). In the garden of the aunt and dad , the tree of  Prince Udayadh ( Grade -II, Life-Expectancy or  Life-Expectancy ). Then  bourgeois built a  Vihara voluminous, full  amenities : full  kinds of premises, the  lecture hall , kitchen, storage, toilet, place a stroll, well exposed, well sealed, beach Baths, baths, lakes, etc., each built into several, ... (these  details are in Mahà Vagga III, 5,6).

Jetavana is still a detention  center  for hundreds of years. In the fifth century AD, when  Phat Hien  visited  China from  India to  visit  Jetavana, this place was still a   small detention center , it was built on the old foundation, and  the mage  also talked to them. Monk here Two hundred years later,  the magician Xuanzang returned to Jetavana, all of which were now dead, with only two pillars, twenty-five feet tall, by King Asoka (reigning 264 - 227 BC). Calendar) building at the eastern gate of  the mansion .

It should also be  noted  , adding that when it comes to Jetavana, people do not forget  a residence  nearby of a female  benefactor  known , the  holder  is devoted  congregation  Buddhism  is Migaramata ( dialysis ). While staying in Sàvatthi,  the Buddha  was in Jetavana and also here.

Ghositarama ( Vihara  Cu-Bar-la)

Vihara  this in Kosambi (Qiao-bonus-di) by  bourgeois  Ghosita construction. Ghosita the two of you  colleagues  is that Kukkuta and Pavariya are admired the monks. One day I heard that  the Buddha  same  congregation  His to Savatthi, all three are not afraid distant road, took the north, to Kosala, at Savatthi to the  audience with the  Buddha  and  hear French . They  become  disciples  of  Buddha  and  return , each built a  Vihara  large to  donate  cdho  congregational Buddhism ,  

Perhaps  the  largest, most durable building built by Ghosita   . Here  the Buddha has  preached  many important sectors. Vihara  is also abode  continuity  of monks monks over a thousand years before being  destroyed  by Hungarian forces  influx  invaded Kosambi.

In 1955-1956, the   Institute of Allahabad University dispatched G. R Sharma,  head of  an archaeological excavation organized by the Institute, unearthed in Kosambi (now Allahabad district) and found the remains of the monastery   .

* * *

As mentioned, the Arama AVASA and abode there are  personalities  collective, though may be the set of a group of monks intimacy, friendship, but still carries  the nature  of the four Sangha. The fact that a monk in Avasa or Ārmma is now another monk's  unit  of  activity  is  natural . That certainly hinders the organization. again, once you have  agreed to  live together, organized into a  unit Sangha, the members  to stick  closely  together  in  daily life ,  gathering ,  understanding  each other,  learn , guide each other, thereby cultivating process has the advantage  and when forward to  form  settlements, the Athenian monks in  unit  Sangha harder. That is the basis of the formation of the Lena, or  monastery  or academy.

First of all, Lena means a separate place, Sanskrit called Layana, which changes the word of the Verb, meaning shelter. Later really hard to  distinguish characteristics of the content of the words Avara, Arama, Lena is some kind of Lena as Vihara, Addhaya, pasāda, Hammiya, Guha ... All are used to refer to the shelter, The first is a wooden shack, bamboo, leaves in the forest to avoid wind and rain, hot and cold  animals in the  season  of a monk. Vihàra is used to refer to  all the  adjacent huts of the monks, a group of monks,  meaning  no different from Âvasa was discussed. Vihàra in the time of  the Buddha  is probably not as big as the Ārāma, 

Some other words are used to refer to Lena   synonymous with Vihara. Addhaya, Pàsàda, Hammiya, Gùha ... often differ only slightly in terms of architecture: Pàsàda is a large structure; Hammiya as well as Pàsada, but the top floor is a building like the last floor   of a tower; Guha is a major foundation stone architecture or laterite ...  simulation  under the caves  nature . Two  forms  to  distinguish  those brick Vihara mostly in northern India and the built of large boulders Guha, laterite in southern India later. Both are  monasteries , large institutes.

Have to say, the term used to  just stay  origin of the monks said on many more and  the meaning  of each word was under  time  but  change  greatly. It is often not very  mindful  distinguish  each type of abode of  congregational  Buddhism , for example, of abode way, the  living ,  learning practice ,  preaching  still includes enough.

* * *

The development on the  form , manifested by the  establishment of  many abodes, including such types  is  not really to  improve the  material life  of the monks, not even to promote  Buddhism. ,  although  both  ideas  are not without the  thought  of some  Buddhists  by the grave of a reverence for  religion practical ,  appropriate  to them. This is just one organization formed  naturally  of a  community  is always full of youthful freshness. Still life of monks monks in the congregation  always  express  the spirit  simply ,  frugally , high bar,  poor . That loss clearly in the law "arbitrarily" that the monk advised the newly appointed Monks in ceremony of  ordination  ordination: used  clothes  with  chalk algae , living by  begging , sleeping  under a tree , use of medicines criticism From  herbs. A monks always remember the  Buddha warned  that although it can be sheltered in a sheltered home, but such a residence is very dangerous, easy to cause decay for the steps of the  gathering . In cases  were  offerings  , the monks only allowed to receive  enough  these robes,  food , lodging, medicine ... in the  spirit of  contentment ,  frugally , tran1h all the  comforts of luxury . The Buddha taught:

"... As I shaved, dressed in  robes . The person should also do so,  leave  the property , loved ones goodbye, shaving hair, wearing  robes , left the  family  to live  life  homeless." (Middle Ages 38, 49, 90)

Customers  disciples  ordained  by Buddha have many guys leave  lifestyle  luxurythat life  poor ,  transparent bar : Xa-profit-waving, Section-devout-venture, Da-amnesty, Nai-tra-Air-la ( Ratthapàla), La-la-la, Dai-ca-lettuce, Ananda, etc. How many have permission  Buddha  was living  alone  in the woods ... It is by living  alone  in the woods where the monks  feel  comfortable  serenity factual  Buddha is easy. In  Presbyterians Increase Shelf  (Theragatha), we see how many are the  verses  praising  life close  nature . 

"The wind was blowing soil cool, sky bright;  psychosis  was up, my heart standstill. Canopy shadows. The stream winding, deer apes roaming around." On top of mountain colors are immature blue, my heart found Happy.

"A pathway to rain clouds of rain, looking up at the sky, lightning, thunder.

"A bhikkhu goes into the mountain  of  meditation, and all  worldly pleasures are  not equal to this solitary joy.

"In the late night the rain fell,  the forest was  dark , the beast  roared .

"Some monks carried on mountain activities  samadhi  thoughtful. All the pleasures of  the world  not by the joy of this stillness.

"In the deep forest or in the cave, my heart is calm, not afraid, not sad."  Confused input - World fun is   not with this tranquil joy  .. "(Theragatha)

Thus, life settled in the  Vihara  of the monks is wanting  incarnation  of salvation , want to  study  with the master, you,  upon under  circumstances development of a  religion  organized. But happy  alms ,  of poverty is the  basic  of a  monastic Buddhism .

Due to the settlement,  entered the world ,  Buddhism  has grown, with the  support  of  the masses  People . The monks brought France into life, decent  living  and teaching time Sangha have  affected  large to  society . Buddhism , by  living  their midst  society , contributing some new definition for  civilization ,  culture  of India  and for all  mankind . And, it can be said that  Buddhism  has formed a   new culture .END=NAM MO CAKYA MOUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.17/4/2017.