Ngo Dinh Diem's government suppressed Buddhists, then "blood spray people" how?
US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara set up the Special Forces Research Mission of Vietnam on June 17, 1967, to write an "encyclopedia of the Vietnam War," which he says is for archival purposes. for historians and to prevent policy mistakes in future US governments.
This record was made by 36 analysts - half of whom were then, and the rest were federal scholars and civil servants - largely based on the records available in the ministry. Naitional defense. The profile includes 3,000 pages of historical analysis, and 4,000 pages of government original material, compiled in 47 volumes, and rated "Top Secret - Sensitive." This means that the dissemination of the record will cause the US government to lose face.)
Special edition prints made in 15 unique editions. The date is declassified and disseminated to the President's libraries, and to the National Confidential Information Center of the Federal Archive is June 13, 2011.
The following is a translation of the situation of Buddhism in Vietnam from May 8, 1963 to August 21, 1963, in "Chapter 4, 'The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May-November, 1963'. .201-276 "in Volume 2.
Some records of this record in the context from May 8, 1963 to August 21, 1963:
- Diem is a Catholic, discriminated against Buddhism;
- The massacre in Hue on May 8, 1963 occurred accidentally;
- Hue's responsibility for the massacre was attributed to Hue authorities, but Diem blamed the VC;
- Demonstrations on June 3, 1963 were suppressed by tear gas;
- The Thich Quang Duc Thich Quang Duc's earthly mourning causes global turmoil;
- General Notice June 16, 1963 was not implemented by Diem, and Nhu destroyed;
- The high point of the Diem government's interruption was the general assembly of national pagodas on August 21, 1963, arresting 1,400 monks including the Most Venerable Thich Tinh Khiet (Venerable Thich Tinh Khiet Vietnam) and Venerable Thich Tam Chau (Buddhist Interreligious Committee).
Read the original English text below. Translation by Dzogchen Nguyen.
The Pentagon Papers: The Buddhist Movement from 8 May to 21 August 1963
United States Defense Secretariat on the Vietnam War
Deciphered on June 13th, 2011
Translated from the website of Mount Holyoke College.
Events in Hue on May 8, 1963 - an event that led to what is known as the Buddhist crisis and began a series of events leading to the overthrow of Diem's regime and murder. the Ngo brothers - happened accidentally and unexpectedly.
No one foresaw that the Hue event would trigger a national opposition campaign likely to be nearly all dissidents and communists in South Vietnam. More importantly, at that time no one was fully aware of the level of discontent of the Vietnamese people with regard to Diem's government, nor about the degree of political corruption in the regime, a regime no longer capable of with great dissatisfaction.
The religious origins of the event could be traced to the massive exodus of Catholic refugees from North Vietnam after France lost in 1954. About one million Christians left the North and settled in the South. Diem - evidently motivated by religion and humanity, and with the intention of recruiting a political backing from his followers - favors these Catholic refugees through the allocation of land, relief and support, licensing of trade and import / export, priority for recruitment of civil servants, and other government incentives. Because Diem could rely on their loyalty, they filled out almost all important military and civil affairs.
As an institution, the Catholic Church enjoys a special legal status. Archbishop Ngo Dinh Thuc is Diem's brother and advisor. But before 1962, there was no clear discrimination against Buddhists. However, in South Vietnam where there are between 3 and 4 million Buddhists studying and 80% of the population are Buddhists in the name, Diem's policy - Christian preference, totalitarian, and periodic the religion - has burned up dissatisfaction.
In April 1963, the government ordered provincial officials to issue a long-forgotten but often abandoned banner for religious flags. The order comes just after officially promoted festivals in Hue to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Ngo Dinh Thuc's enthronement of the Archbishop of Hue. The order also states, as happened, just before Buddha's Birthday (May 8, 1963).
Hue, the ancient capital of Vietnam, was at that time the only real center of Buddhist studies and scholarship on Buddhist studies in Vietnam, and Hue University has long been a center of disagreements. lean. Not surprisingly, at that time, Buddhists in Hue had flagged their flags despite the ban and, as local authorities appeared to have surrendered the ban on flagging, Buddhists showed more stiffness to organize. A planned gathering of people scheduled on May 8 to celebrate Buddha's birthday.
Hue Radio Station at the foot of Truong Tien Bridge on May 8, 1963 - the day occurred
the massacre of Buddhists. At this place put the station of martyrs. Photo material
Seeing such a large gathering as a challenge to the influence of the Ngo family (Hue was also the political capital of Ngo Dinh Can, Diem's brother) and the local government. Local officials sought to disperse the crowd. When the initial efforts failed, the provincial governor (also a Catholic) ordered his men to fire. That led to chaos, nine were killed, including some children, and 14 were injured. The armored car is said to have rolled on some of the victims. The Diem administration later reported that a VC officer threw a grenade into the crowd and that the victims were trampled by the chaotic crowd. Diem's government was determined not to accept responsibility, even as independent observers issued footage showing government troops shot in the crowd.
The victims of this massacre. Photo material
Diem's corpses do not allow him to handle this crisis with the necessary flexibility and sophistication. Diem could not openly accept responsibility for the tragedy and seek reconciliation with angry Buddhists. He also believed that such public outcry would undermine his authority, apparently for the fact that no modern-day ruler could have long abandoned great resentment. No matter how good his personal morals might be. So the government clings to its own interpretation of what has happened.
There are very young children who are victims. Photo material
The next day in Hue, more than 10,000 demonstrators protested the massacre. It was the first protest of a long chain of protests that Buddhists used to pressure Diem for the next four months. The Buddhists quickly organized themselves, and on May 10, 1963, the Declaration of Buddhist Dignitaries was submitted to the government, demanding their freedom of flagging, legal equality with the Church The Catholic Association, stop the persecution, freedom of religious practice, and compensate victims of the May 8, 1963 incident with the punishment of those responsible.
These five aspirations were officially presented to President Diem on May 15, 1963, and the Buddhists held their first press conference after the presentation of the Declaration. On hunger strikes and continuous meetings for the remainder of May, Diem continued to stagnate in solving the problem and causing further dissatisfaction.
On May 30, 1963, about 350 Buddhist monks protested in front of the Saigon Parliament House, and the 48-hour hunger strike was announced. On day 3-6-1963, a demonstration in Hue were dispersed with tear gas and many burned, leading to allegations that soldiers Diem use mustard gas vapors ( LND: mustard gas liquids burns skin and muscle, can be deadly, used as a chemical weapon from World War I). On June 4, the government announced the appointment of an inter-ministerial committee led by Vice President Poetry to address the issue of religion, but that gesture may be too late at this time. The majority of the urban population attends Buddhist demonstrations, recognizing in them the beginning of a genuine political opposition to Diem. On June 8, Nhu worsened the problem by announcing that the Buddhists had been blended by the Viet Cong.
During the early days of the crisis, the American media followed the events and attracted the attention of the world. On June 11, the media was first notified to a main street intersection at noon. While anticipating another protest, they witnessed the first self-immolation carried on by a monk. The death of Thich Quang Duc caused a shock to the world and South Vietnam.
Earlier negotiations had been held between the Vice President's Commission on Buddhist and Buddhist Affairs on June 5, 1963, with bitter questions about the goodwill of both parties. After the self-immolation, the US government increased pressure on Diem's government to calm the Buddhists, and to bring the political situation down in control.
Finally, on June 16, 1963, the Joint Communiqué between Buddhism and the Diem government was disseminated, listing negotiating consensus, but was not responsible for the event on May 8, 1963. ( LND: do not blame the government, only promise to investigate whether individual officials have errors). However, the violent crackdown on the next day damaged the spirit of reconciliation. In their part, Ngô Đình Nhu immediately undermined reconciliation by secretly mobilizing youth-sponsored youths to denounce the Public Notice. At the end of June, it was clear that the Joint Communique was not a genuine gesture of reconciliation from Diem, but merely an effort to placate the United States and a paper of growing divisions. in internal politics.
The lack of trust in the general government in the June 16, 1963, dissemination of the mediating policy of mediation that the senior Buddhist leaders pursued until then. At the end of June, the leadership of the Buddhist movement handed over to a group of younger, more aggressive monks with far more political goals. These monks used clever and intelligent politics as a rising sea of support from the people.
Massively planned demonstrations and gatherings were accompanied by media campaigns from the opposition of the Diem regime. Understanding the importance of the American media, these monks linked American journalists, informed them of the demonstrations and gatherings, and cautiously timed the operation so that the media wall maximally maximized. Not surprisingly, the Wu family reacted by more violent suppression to Buddhist activists, and with even more bitter criticism and even intimidation of US journalists.
Police officer Ngo Dinh Diem arrested Buddhist monks put on the car,
while they were fighting for religious equality - on July 17, 1963. Photo material.
In early July 1963, the committee of Vice President Tho announced that an initial investigation into the events of May 8, 1963, determined that the deaths were due to the VC's terrorist activities. Outraged, the Buddhists condemned the conclusion and intensified their protest activities. On July 19, 1963, under pressure from the United States, Diem delivered a speech on the radio, short for only two minutes, on the outside was to reconcile the Buddhists, but was written and presented. in a cold way, to destroy in advance any influence the small consensus has announced.
On the side of the regime, Nhu and his wife severely criticized Diem for concluding Buddhist pressure. Nhu publicly ridiculed the self-immolation "barbecue," accusing Buddhist leaders of being blended by the Communists, and describing the demonstrations as provocative. Both Nhu and his wife tried publicity and privacy, undermining Diem's weakened efforts in dealing with Buddhists, and rumors began circulating in July that Nhu was watching. Consider a coup to overthrow him.
A Special National Intelligence Assessment dated July 10, 1963 concludes with the prediction that if Diem's regime did nothing to implement the June 16, 1963 Communique and soothe the Buddhists, Much of the summer protests will spread with the possibility of a coup attempt from non-communists.
(File 21) In mid-August 1963, a week before Nhu launched a raid on the temples in Saigon and elsewhere, the CIA began to notice. There are dissatisfied public servants and soldiers:
"Since the contradictions between Buddhists and Diem's outbreak on May 8, 1963, there have been a series of reports that show not only the increased condemnation and dissatisfaction among those who do not. The Communists have long criticized Diem, whose instability has come to light and the growing hatred of civil servants and military personnel over how Diem handled the controversy.
This review continues to detail the many rumors that have surfaced at least since the end of June. But Nhu, in an act of courage to terrorize the coup plotters, and to surprise them, summoned high-ranking generals on July 11, 1963, heavily reprimanding them. There is no action to crush the rebellion, and question their loyalty to the regime. Nhu's actions seem to have temporarily halted all plans for a coup. The CIA also reported on the rumors that Nhu himself was planning a "false coup" to attract and then suppress the Buddhists.
In August 1963, Buddhists came to a new level of tension; The monks set themselves on fire on the 5th, 15th, and 18th. The tense political climate in Saigon in mid-August 1963 showed US observers that the confrontation was taking place. However, when the confrontation took place, during the general raid on August 21, 1963 aimed at the temple, the US diplomats were completely surprised.END=NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA,( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.28/10/2018.
No comments:
Post a Comment