A- Introduction
M ot day, the Buddha was staying at Kosambi in simsapa woods, he picked up a few leaves simsapa bring up questions: «Hey monks , of what he thought? Is there a lot of simsàpa in my hand or in the forest of simsàpa?
« Blessed are the Sun , leaves in the hands of the Sun too little, the leaves in the forest simsàpa too much. The Buddha said: "So, bhikkhus , what I know is too much, but what I teach you is very little; But that is what is essential and essential for liberation . What have I taught you? It is "This is suffering", "This is suffering", "This is the cessation of suffering", "This is the path leading to the cessation of suffering" ( Verse V) .
The Four Sutras are the foundation of the Buddhist teaching system . Immediately following the Buddha's enlightenment , he came to the garden of the sermon for the five brothers Tran Nhu Nhu , ascetic friends with him before; The content of the first sermon is the Four Noble Truths . From there, throughout the course of his propagation, the Four Noble Truths are deployed, expanding . The Buddha repeatedly determined the importance and transcendence of the Buddha teachings from easy , he says: «The level Arhat Enlightenment in the past , in the future, or current , is considered the Enlightenment literally Enlightenment on Four Noble Truths" ( Mutual Us V) .
The goal of Buddhism is to free all suffering , so the disciplines are set up , every effort is practiced towards that goal . The Four Noble Truths are considered the ultimate good deeds . He Shariputra said : "For all the footprints of every species of animal were photographers in the footprints of elephants, because the footprint is the largest of all the footprints . Also, sage author, all dhamma are concentrated in the Four Holy Empire " ( Majjhima i ). The Buddha also said: "O bhikkhus , if anyone says that without building the lower floor of the house, I will build the upper floor of the house, this event can not happen. Likewise, if anyone says that there is no need to enlighten the Four Noble Truths , we will eliminate suffering, this event can not happen " ( Verse V) .
Until the time is about entering nirvana under the sala trees but life, once the end, he reiterated doctrine word to : «The master monks , for four truths , the teacher was skeptical where there are physical problems Immediately, should not hold the doubt without the answer "( Business Diocese , Tri Quang translation).
Thus, the importance of the Four Noble Truths has been determined by the Buddha himself and his outstanding disciples . Over 2,500 years, the Four Noble Truths have been propagated and practiced by all Buddhist , Theravada and Mahayana sects .
The Four Noble Truths are translated from Sanskrit Catvary Aryasatyani. Arya is noble, noble, mystery ; Satya is the truth , the truth . Four Noble Truths is also known as the Four tripods , Four Noble Truths , Four truth mystery .
1. Suffering (Dukkha): the reality of human suffering .2. Tap soles (samudaya): the source or causes leading to the current situation of suffering .3. Cessation soles (Nirodha): the end or termination of suffering.4. The sole director (Magga): is the way or method of practice leading to termination of suffering.
Catechism of the Four Noble Truths is mentioned in the scriptures: God distinguish interested ( Central III), of Distinction Holy Roman Emperor ( China Agama ), of Zhuan Falun ( Samyutta & Magazines Agama ), and scattered in the Pali Canon as well as the Han.
1) - Noble Truth of Suffering (dukkha): Suffering is a reality that people feel from the womb until he closed his eyes swept the hand, no one denies that. Humans always have the tendency to overcome the sufferings, looking for happiness , but for failing to understand the nature of suffering should not find a real way out; Sometimes the opposite, the more sought happiness as entangled in suffering.
Suffering is a truth , a truth about the nature of suffering. Buddha taught: "This, monks , birth is suffering, old age is suffering, disease is suffering, death is suffering, love that separation is suffering, without hope for the suffering. In short , clinging to the five aggregates is suffering " ( Verse V) . Thus, Suffering can be divided into the following three aspects :
a) - About aspect physiology : Suffering is a feeling of discomfort, burning, pain . When I was a thorn piercing the foot or a grain of sand in the eye discomfort ... this is the urgent pain of the body. The pain of the body is so great, as Lao Tzu said: "The great corn is full of corn because of the body". Human beings have been hard-working ; grow old, weak, extremely ill ; And finally , death: the final disintegration of the body brings suffering greatb) - About aspect psychology : is suffering due to contentment , not to please etc .. The not pleasant will make that pain in psychology . The loss, loss of life makes me miserable. The person I love close to but not the person I hate that always meet nostalgic, I want money, fame , status but it goes beyond his reach. Life as tantalizing, the dream is not satisfied , my heart is always empty, urgent This is a psychological tribulation .c) Suffering is the attachment of the five aggregates (Upadana-skandhas) : This third suffering covers the two above-mentioned suffering, as it is said in the sutras: "Clinging to the five aggregates is suffering."Five aggregates are 5 factors depend on each other to form a human , include : body physics and structure of psychology such as feelings , thoughts, and consciousness (form, feeling, perception, and consciousness) . Generally speaking, when we cling to these five elements , we consider ourselves as our self, and our suffering is present. The notion of "my body", "my feelings«, «I thought«, «my mind", "my perception" ... I formed a lust , selfishness ; From there, all suffering arises. All suffering, anxiety , fear, Despair , madness , all associated with the notion of «ego« it.
In short , the suffering of phenomena is the feeling of suffering, the urgency of the situation , the unsatisfactoriness of the psyche . On the nature of suffering, suffering is the attachment , the five aggregates .
2) - to ultimate (samudaya): Volume is accumulated, the negativity converge forming capacity leads to suffering; This is the cause , the source of suffering. When awareness is the nature of suffering an obvious , can we go on road sections take suffering pain ( sole director ).
Life is suffering or not suffering? The answer is based on the psychological , emotional and cognitive attitude of each person; The cause of suffering is deeply rooted in the mind of man . Buddhism also sees the causes of suffering ; Something that arises from material or social circumstances , but the real cause is still consciousness .
The cause of suffering is often the business problem addressed is craving , so craving that cling , cling to the object of craving . The desire for pleasure will lead to suffering, because the desire is never satisfied .
The deeper and more fundamental cause is ignorance , ie, delusion that the nature of phenomena falls on each other, which arises , is impermanent and transforms , there is no subject, durable firmly independent in them. Do not see clear the desire for life , embrace hold the object of pleasure . It is not clear to me that the "self" is the most important, that the real need to cling , consolidate and satisfyits needs. In other words, due to ignorance that attachment «ego« and «mine« like myself, my feelings, thought I ..., my love, property of my career my Because of these clinging there are the sufferings of life .
In summary , we can see a clear , unpleasant or not due to his heart; his heart full of greed , attachment , cognitive errors , the suffering is sure . In other words, from the perspective of each person to life that there is suffering or not. Without the attachment and the desire for selfishness or affliction stir, dominate , reign in the mind, life full of peace and happiness .
3) - Killing soles (Nirodha): Killing is terminated , is extinguished . Removal insole is terminated or extinguished afflictions , causes leading to suffering and the ending of suffering; also means happiness , peace . Destruction is synonymous with Nibbana (Nirvana / Nibbana ).
Buddhism confirm life full of suffering , and also determine a true else is peace , happiness . So there is the practice to achieve happiness . What is happiness ? Happiness has varying degrees.
a) - Happiness is relative : Once you have calm hearts craving , clinging , those that anxiety , fear , insecurity reduced, the body and mind of you become relaxed , the mind awake ; You see all the problems become simpler and more generous . It is a form of happiness . The Middle Sutra has one example: There is a son who is in love with a girl. Casually , he caught the girl talking, laughing with another guy. The soul of the loving son is disturbed , irritated , upset and distressed . Time later, her son was no longer loves that girl anymore; this time, he met anyone he was talking, laughing with the other boys, but the picture does not do soul him pain anymore. Also, the mind is not governed by thoughts of attachment , because it is not heated by the fires of depression , anxiety , fear , and the mind. More calm and clarity , the ability to perceive things more deeply and more accurately , you create a miracle : body mind is transformed , your attitude towards people generosity , tolerance and modest; For wealth , property , fame becomes more relaxed , no longer pressured by it weighing on his heart. On that basis, you enjoy life more quality.In short , depending on the ability to reduce greed, greed and ignorance to the extent that your life will be increased happiness to that level.If you develop higher mental happiness by practicing meditation, you will have great peace of mind . " Someone may not be physically sick for a year or maybe a hundred years, but it is rare for a person to be mentally ill even for a minute." The psychology is considered the disease of the spirit includes 5 state mentality, often called the 5 hindrances : greed , hatred , dullness sleeping, oscillation and regret , doubt and hesitation . When these five kinds of psychology are present, it will bind and shield your mind ; Excluding them, the spirit will clear the serene and peace as the moon escapes from the cloud cover. The state happy spirit is called Charity .b) - Absolute happiness : On the basis of spiritual happiness , you develop insight , the mind to remove the whole subtleafflictions , deep , you can achieve absolute happiness , ultimate is Nirvana table . The ultimate solution is nirvana. Nirvana is purity , absolute happiness . Buddha taught: "Countless gum disease at goal , Nirvana optimism victorious " (K.Magandiya, TBK II) .
Nirvana also be expressed in many different nouns, typically including the unborn , liberated , unconditioned , outflows , unique shore , the first President, legs like , real generals , legal body ... nirvana not must be the object of thought , concept or language . This is the state of peace , absolute happiness when the mind is absent greed, hatred, si.
We often view Nirvana as a realm , a higher plane than the realm , as the paradise of other religions ; That was a big mistake . Nirvana beyond all concepts treated on time , space , yes, no, big and small ... However, Nirvana is not nothingness , but a reality of pure , ultra Vietnam , do not lie In the discernment of consciousness , or, alternatively, can not be perceived by Nirvana while still greed, hatred and delusion. A Zen master said: "Look at the mountains, the streams, the beautiful green forests . When looking at things with a new vision, an eye is not dominated by greed , the beauty is that Nirvana ! Nirvana is not a place different from the world , a realm that one can find. Nirvana is here. Buddha and you Bodhisattva , Arhat have reached nirvana even in his life this life. That means Nibbana is at the fingertips of everyone. The manifestation of Nibbàna is that there is no karma and no rebirth.
4) - sole director (Magga): Religion is the way , the methods implemented to achieve peace , happiness in life everyday life or happiness absolute nirvana . Thus, the entire teachings that Buddha taught are sole director , general and basic includes 37 measures, often referred to as 37 the assistant. The Buddha said : "These monks , these are the methods that I realize and teach, you must be smart. learning , empirical practice , spread widely to the Dharma is eternal , so happy for sentient beings , because peace for living beings , because of compassion for the world, for happiness , for peace for the gods and human beings . That's four foundations of mindfulness , four primary needs , Four- sufficient spirit , Five apartments, Five forces , Seven Bodhi part , eight noble part « (Business Mahaparinirvana ) .
In the 37th, the eight paths are considered the most typical and fundamental of the Tao . The eight paths , also known as the eight paths - the true path - are eight parts :
1) - Right (Samma Ditthi): See and understand correctly , that is perceived right about ethics of life, which is good, which is evil. Knowing the true nature of things is impermanent , selfless, dependent . Perceive clearly the nature of suffering, the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering and the path leading to the end of suffering.2) - Right Thought (Samma sankappa): Think right , that is not to let your mind think the problem evil as lust , furiously angry, violent harm ... guide thinking His attitude towards the noble mind as thinking about the release, the liberation , the love to help beings , the non-violence , patience , calm .3) - Right Speech (Samma Anda): Right language , that is, do not say the words that lead to suffering , division, violence, hatred. Speak words that build trust , unite in harmony , love and interest .4) - Right Action (Samma Kammanta): Acts proper , meaning no acts killing, stealing, sexual acts illegal . Practice the love , help, not desire pleasures immoral .5) - Right Livelihood (Samma Ajivà): Right livelihood , means means of living, true career , not living by the illegal , cruel , tricky .6) - Right Effort (Samma Vayāma): The right effort , that is the effort to eliminate evil, effort to practice good.7) - Mindfulness (Samma Sati): Remember to think properly , means not think the legal mind immoral , do not let the objects guided his nefarious hike. An insistence on the good , not forget the French .8) - Right Concentration (Samma samadhi): Concentrate thought right , that is not to care formula being pulled , concentrated thoughts as peace of mind in a proper , have effectively develop wisdom .
The relationship between the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path is indivisible, this part is in the other, and the other supports this. Eight main paths can be divided into three steps: Gender, Dhyana and Wisdom. About the Right Speech , Right Action , Right Livelihood ; Determination is Right Effort , Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration ; Tue is Right View , Right Thought . Determining the Noble Eightfold Path as the path to liberation , the Buddha says : «Subhadda, in the law does not give the Noble Eightfold Path , then there is no Quartet results recluses « ( Mahaparinibbana Sutta , TB I) . The Buddha added: "If the bhikkhus live righteously (according to the Noble Eightfold Path ), this world is not without the Arhats."
The path of the sole director is the path effort itself of every practitioner Buddhists ; That way is both practical and effective in this life .
Teachings of Buddhism is not a doctrine , but a work practice , with practicenew turn theory into real practice, the material life of every man , like eating new rice was full, drank the new water thirsty . It is a difficult place for Buddhists , can not rely on anyone to help themselves, or who give themselves liberation , suffering.
In the introduction of three stages of awareness and practice for the Four truths , the term is called Transfer Three : Transfer, Transfer , Transfer.
1) - For Suffering : Marketing is awareness , or recognition of suffering. To see suffering is the first step ; If you do not see, do not know, there will be no action to eradicate suffering . Transmission is to go deeper into the nature of suffering, arising up the wish to eliminate suffering. Sentences convey a profound and comprehensive sense of the nature of suffering.
2) - For Volume soles : Thi transfer is identifying the causes leading to suffering . Promotion is the desire to eliminate the cause . Transmission is a practice , an effort to eliminate them.
3) - For Abstinence : Transmission is aware of the absence of suffering is happiness , there is no suffering , we must see it. Promotion is the desire to be happy , enjoy the joy, serene peace of life . Transmittal is the attainment , the true enjoyment of that peaceful state .
4) - For Taoism : The vision is to see the path , see the method of eliminating suffering , clearly see that this is the path to liberation ; In other words, see the way out! Promotion is the desire to go on that road , departing on that route. Securities transfer is going on the road was a fullness .
In short , for every truth , we must realize clearly . From awareness smoothly leads to the desire to act, and ultimately achieve the purpose . We must clearly see the course of our own behavior , language and thought , which is suffering, causing suffering , we must identify and eliminate them; we transform it to enjoy joy peace happiness of Removal . Happiness and suffering are derived from the body and mind of us .
Human suffering is not due to lack of material , money , fame , but because of ignorance . The confusion makes people less aware of the proper nature of life . Buddhism indications for human direction, an outlet, providing the meansto let people open treasure wisdom of his own. Definition of ignorance , Buddha says: «It is not known suffering, cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering and the path leading to cessation of suffering , this the monks , this is called ignorance« ( Samyutta V) . And vice versa is intelligence, is wisdom . In the view of wisdom , concern us grace born of four truth manifest clear , see a truth that can see the whole truth . Buddha said : " Monks , who see suffering, he also see the cause The suffering, the suffering , the path leading to suffering . Anyone who sees the cause of suffering can see the suffering, the suffering and the path leading to the cessation of suffering . Who see the suffering , the suffering, the cause of suffering, the path leading to suffering . Who can see the path to pain killing , they also see the suffering, cause of suffering and the cessation of suffering " ( Samyutta V) . The right understandingis Right Understanding, it plays a very important role in the cultivation of the Four Truths ; In other words, Right View leads the way . Cognitive clarity that called Ants religion .
The Four Truths are both the means and the end . A doctrine completely full of cloned bring faith , life for human , social contemporaries and still practicalbenefits for human and social modernization .
Characteristics of catechesis Four Noble Truths is the middle path , do not fall into extremists enjoy sensual or ascetic mortification . The Four Noble Truths embrace all the teachings that the Buddha taught. Catechism of the Four Noble Truths can practice for ordained and lay , who also practice it, anyone can taste freed , to meet demand from suffering for individuals and socialtransformation .END=NAM MO SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.18/11/2017.
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