Section 19

 

ADDITIONAL

5 - Buddhism transmitted to Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka) [1]

King Asoka (reigning -264 / -227) 

In AD 326, Alexander the Great (-356 / -323) of Macedonia, a student of Aristotle, invaded northern India and established a kingdom with the capital Takshasila (Hy- called Taxila). But in the year -323, Alexander died in Babylon, at the age of 32.

The same year,  Candragupta Maurya , which the Greeks called Sandrocatus uprising in northern India, against the invasion of Alexander, and then the victory is always king  Nanda [2]  of India in -316, up The Mauryan Empire (Moriyan), took Pataliputta (Patna) as the capital. Candragupta is considered by historians to be the first king of India. Candragupta passed the throne to  Bindusara . King Bindusara passed the throne to his son,  Devanapiyena Piyadasina , whose name was Asokavadanaputta, or  Asoka , in 644. Prior to the throne, Asoka was the deputy ruler of Taxila and Ujjain. During this time, Asoka married Deva's daughter, Vedisa, Devi, and gave birth to a son named Mahinda  and a daughter named  Sanghamitta , two years younger than him.

King Asoka ascended to the throne in 1664, was an ardent emperor of war like his grandfather. In the eighth year after his enthronement, in the year 2556, he brought tattoo troops occupy Kalinga, south India. This brutal victory left 100,000 dead and 150,000 captured prisoners and more than a few times more dead wronged. After the battle over Kalinga, King Asoka felt remorse, making an unforgettable tabloid on the rock of his determination to renounce the war. Taking this opportunity, Nigrodha Arahant, I called Asoka with uncle, gave Asoka a brief lecture on enlightenment and awakening. Asoka soon became enlightened, becoming a very virtuous emperor, dubbed the Dharmasoka. From then on, Asoka abandoned the dig-vijaya, and began "dhamma-vijaya." He became an enthusiastic supporter of Buddhism, inviting the tutor Moggaliputta Tissa as his spiritual teacher, and chaired the third class at Pataliputta in the year 244. King Asoka again asked the master to take a look at all the Buddha statues, each of which the king had for the pillar stone memorial, as a relic for posterity. Asoka passed on all the relics of the Buddha, divided into 84,000 pieces, contained in 84,000 bronze vases of the same size, a liter, on the lid a statue of a monk, then handed over to the great teacher. The temple is scattered throughout India and also in the country. King Asoka gave both his sons, Mahinda and Sanghamitta, the scriptures that had just been assembled and extracted a branch south of the Bodhi tree planted in Sri Lanka to propagate Buddhism. Adjutant Moggaliputta Tissa was the spiritual teacher and chaired the third class at Pataliputta in the year 244. King Asoka again asked the master to take a look at all the Buddha statues, each of which the king had for the pillar stone memorial, as a relic for posterity. Asoka passed on all the relics of the Buddha, divided into 84,000 pieces, contained in 84,000 bronze vases of the same size, a liter, on the lid a statue of a monk, then handed over to the great teacher. The temple is scattered throughout India and also in the country. King Asoka gave both his sons, Mahinda and Sanghamitta, the scriptures that had just been assembled and extracted a branch south of the Bodhi tree planted in Sri Lanka to propagate the Dharma. Adjutant Moggaliputta Tissa was the spiritual teacher and chaired the third class at Pataliputta in the year 244. King Asoka again asked the master to take a look at all the Buddha statues, each of which the king had for the pillar stone memorial, as a relic for posterity. Asoka passed on all the relics of the Buddha, divided into 84,000 pieces, contained in 84,000 bronze vases of the same size, a liter, on the lid a statue of a monk, then handed over to the great teacher. The temple is scattered throughout India and also in the country. King Asoka gave both his sons, Mahinda and Sanghamitta, the scriptures that had just been assembled and extracted a branch south of the Bodhi tree planted in Sri Lanka to propagate the Dharma. and chaired the third Buddhist conference at Pataliputta in the year 244. King Asoka again asked the master to take a look at all the Buddha statues, each of which the king had for the pillar stone memorial, as a relic for posterity. Asoka passed on all the relics of the Buddha, divided into 84,000 pieces, contained in 84,000 bronze vases of the same size, a liter, on the lid a statue of a monk, then handed over to the great teacher. The temple is scattered throughout India and also in the country. King Asoka gave both his sons, Mahinda and Sanghamitta, the scriptures that had just been assembled and extracted a branch south of the Bodhi tree planted in Sri Lanka to propagate Buddhism. and chaired the third Buddhist conference at Pataliputta in the year 244. King Asoka again asked the master to take a look at all the Buddha statues, each of which the king had for the pillar stone memorial, as a relic for posterity. Asoka passed on all the relics of the Buddha, divided into 84,000 pieces, contained in 84,000 bronze vases of the same size, a liter, on the lid a statue of a monk, then handed over to the great teacher. The temple is scattered throughout India and also in the country. King Asoka gave both his sons, Mahinda and Sanghamitta, the scriptures that had just been assembled and extracted a branch south of the Bodhi tree planted in Sri Lanka to propagate Buddhism. As a relic for posterity. Asoka passed on all the relics of the Buddha, divided into 84,000 pieces, contained in 84,000 bronze vases of the same size, a liter, on the lid a statue of a monk, then handed over to the great teacher. The temple is scattered throughout India and also in the country. King Asoka gave both his sons, Mahinda and Sanghamitta, the scriptures that had just been assembled and extracted a branch south of the Bodhi tree planted in Sri Lanka to propagate Buddhism. As a relic for posterity. Asoka passed on all the relics of the Buddha, divided into 84,000 pieces, contained in 84,000 bronze vases of the same size, a liter, on the lid a statue of a monk, then handed over to the great teacher. The temple is scattered throughout India and also in the country. King Asoka gave both his sons, Mahinda and Sanghamitta, the scriptures that had just been assembled and extracted a branch south of the Bodhi tree planted in Sri Lanka to propagate Buddhism.

King Devanampiya Tissa 

The history of Sri-Lanka dates back to the time when  Vijaya  set foot in the territory from 543 BC. King Vijaya had married the daughter of King Pandya of India in India and was closely associated with India. The Mahavamsa, Dipavamsa, and Samantapasadika scriptures describe vividly the  three visits of this island by the Sakyamuni Buddha  in the fifth, fifth, and eighth year of his enlightenment.

King  Devanampiya Tissa  of Sri Lanka was friendly with King Asoka. Although the two have never met each other, through intimate diplomatic relations, it can be said that Devanampiya Tissa and Asoka (Devanapiyena Piyadasina) are close friends. The book records that after receiving a delegation of precious gifts from King Devanampiya Tissa, Asoka sent back a diplomatic mission with a message containing the following sentence:

"I have taken refuge in the Three Jewels, that is, taking refuge in the Buddha, with the Dharma, and with the monks in the Church, I declare myself to be a lay follower in Shakyamuni's teachings. Here, the Great King! He is the best of the people, take the faith that transforms his mind, take refuge with the most treasured treasures in the world. "

Master Maha Mahinda 

When the monk Maha Mahinda, the son of Asoka, was dispatched to Sri Lanka by his father and Master Moggaliputta Tissa to establish the foundation of Buddhism there, he carried the Tripitaka Third, leave Asokarama monastery at Pataliputta (Patna), visit Vedisa visit his mother Devi. Along with him there were the monks of Ittiya, Uttiya, Sambala and Bhaddasala, the monk of Sumana, and the lay Bhanduka, the grandson of Vedisa Devi. All are religious and special. Each missionary delegation usually has five monks to facilitate the upasampada.

After staying in Vedisa for a month to prepare the journey, the delegation set off for Sri Lanka. On the full moon day of June 244 BC, the mission team reached the summit of Missaka Hill, 12 km east of Anuradhapura. Meet on the national holiday, King Devanampiya Tissa is hunting fun, suddenly saw five people dressed in safflower. The king was startled, Maha Mahinda went to greet and reassure him:

-          We are monks, disciples of the King of Truth. Out of compassion for the Great King, we from Jambudipa [3]  to here [4] .

With the help of the king, the propagation of good progress. The relics of the Buddha are worshiped in the Thuparama Dagaba stupa in the capital Anuradhapura. The king dedicates the Maha Meghavana Park as a sanctuary for the newly established Sangha, and the Maha Vihara is being erected there. Over time, this institution became famous and trained many learned scholars. Among the prominent teachers here was Buddhaghosa from India in 423, who wrote many precious commentaries on the teachings of the Buddha, while living in the temple. Sri-Lanka became the center of the propagation of Nam-Tse Buddhism to Burma, Thailand, Kampuchea, Laos and Indonesia.

Sister Sanghamitta 

Just one year after the Maha Mahinda mission headed for Sri Lanka, both the imperial court and the people of the capital were excited to hear the teachings and seek refuge in the Three Jewels. Anula, the deputy of a Vice-Admiral named Mahanaga, and a large number of women and girls came to hear the Dharma, also pardon Maha Mahinda for the monk. But according to the primordial precepts, a monk has no right to preside over ordination for a woman except the Buddha or a bhikkhuni. Thus great Maha Mahinda to Devanampiya Tissa invited his sister, bhikkhunī Sanghamitta, to Sri Lanka to ordain women for ordination and establish the Bhikkhunī Sangha.

King Devanampiya Tissa was very pleased to send to Emperor Asoka a delegation led by the great Arittha, to express the longing for Maha Mahinda and his own. With the king's approval, the Sanghamitta bhikkhuni extracted a small branch towards the south of the Great Bodhi tree where the Buddha enlightened to take to Sri Lanka. Along with Sanghamitta bhikkhu there are 11 other bhikkhunis, all of whom are religious and distinguished. There are also the mandarins, the princes, the very proud proliferate, accompanied by the son of Bodhi tree. According to the history of the book, the ceremony was solemnly celebrated that the delegation of nun Sanghamitta and the Bodhi Tree departed from the port of Tamralipti (Tamluk). Emperor Asoka took her to the dock, very moved, watched the boat fade away until it disappeared. [5].

In 243 BC, after seven days crossing the sea, the boat arrives in Jambukola, northern Sri Lanka. King Devanampiya Tissa came to receive the baby Bodhi Tree in a solemn ceremony lasting 10 days. On the 10th day, the Bodhi Tree was placed on a dignified collar, along with a large convoy of caravans to Anuradhapura. Here again there is another solemn ceremony to plant the Bodhi tree at Maha Meghavana. By this time, the Bodhi Tree is still lush and lush, receiving the grave of millions of pilgrims.

6- Four-hearted and Buddhist-Indian in India

A few hours before the Buddha entered Nirvana, he said to the Venerable Ananda as follows:

-          Ananda, there are four places where Buddhists worship zeal should come with reverence and devotion. These are the places where the worshiper can say: "It is here that the Tathagata has been born," "It is here that the Tathāgata has grown up", "It is here that Tathagatas transported Falun Dafa" "It is here that the Tathagata has immortal Bat-nirvana immortal immortal." And Ananda, many of the zealots who are zealous in the Church, and many devotees of men and women will visit these places. Those who breathed his last in the firm belief, after the pilgrimage, will be reborn on the scene idle [6] .

Lumbini (Lumbini)

Lumbini is where Lord Buddha was born in 624 BC, on the full moon of Vesak month (May dl), according to the Mahayana Buddhism, the full moon day of the  lunar month of the year of the Shing .

Lumbini is now called Rupandehi, Nepal, 13 km from Bhairahawa in Nepal, 27 km from Sonauli, 30 km from Kapilavastu (Nepal). The nearest train station in the city of Gorakhpur; The road from Gorakhpur to Lumbini must cross Sonauli, 123 km. The nearest airport is Bhairahawa (Nepal), 13 km from Lumbini. Varanasi (India) is 413 km from Lumbini.

According to the custom of the time, near the day of birth, Queen Maha Maya set off from Kapilavastu to parents in the capital city of Devadaha, Koliya, to give birth. Come to Lumbini Forest, meet the beautiful flowering flowers, she stopped for a rest, to the lake Puskarini bath cool and walk around the lake landscape. Seeing the tree of  asok ( 7)(asoka) is blooming lush, she raised her right hand to pick up the birth of Prince Siddhattha

In the year 244 BC, King Asoka asked his teacher Moggaliputta-Tissa to come here to worship. The King has set up a pillar reminiscent of the lofty five Brahmi Prakrit as follows: 

Devanapiyena Piyadasina lajina-visativasabhistitena,

Atana-agacha mahiyita hida Budhe-jate Sakyamuni ti,

Sila vigadabhi cha kalapita silathabhe-cha usapapite,

Hida Bhagavam jate ti lumbini-game yubalike kate,

Atha-bhagiye dad

Meaning: King Devanampiya Piyadassi, loved by the angels and supporters, personally came to this place, after the throne was 20 years. Because Sakyamuni Buddha was born here, the king ordered the construction of a stone wall surrounding the place, and a memorial stone pillars inside. The King allowed Lumbini villagers to pay only one-eighth of the grain tax.

According to Huyen Trang's account in the 7th century, the horse's head was very smooth and of fine art at the head of the pillar, but no longer exists.

Puskarini sacred lake was rebuilt in a square, 20m each, where Maya bathed before birth, and Prince Siddhattha was bathed for the first time.

Bodhi tree next to the lake since the Buddha was in the world.

In the temple of Maha Maya Devi, there are two ancient paintings depicting the birth of Buddha, a marble and a stone, and pinpoint the exact location of Buddha's birthplace.

According to the revision of the relic of the Nepalese government in 1999, there are many Buddhist temples around, including the Vietnamese Buddhist Temple of Vietnam and the Linh Son Pagoda of France. Nation of Vietnamese Buddhists in France.

When visiting Lumbini should also visit Kapilavastu [8] , now Tilaurakot village, 30 km north-west of Lumbini.

Bodh-Gaya (Bodhidharma) 

Bodh Gaya or Buddha-Gaya-is where the Buddha attained enlightenment on  the fifteenth day of December in  Nham T h grace, the year 589 BC . According to Theravada Buddhism is the full moon day of Vesak.

Bodh-Gaya is in the Indian state of Bihar, 16 km from Gaya, 70 km from Rajgir, and 115 km south of Patna. The nearest train station in Gaya (16 km). Nearest airfield in Patna (115 km).

Buddha was 29 years old. He came to study with the first teacher, Alara-Kalama, near Vesali for a few weeks, to reach the Infinite Zen. Then he went to Rajagriha to study with the second guru, Uddaka-Ramaputta, for a few more weeks, to reach the jhana jhana. Then he accompanied the five Kondoln brothers to tapovana in the barren rocky mountains of Dungsiri, near Uruvela village, practicing asceticism for six years. Finally he left the ascetic practice, to the village of Uruvela, on the banks of the Nairanjana, practicing the middle way. On the 49th day, after the bowl of porridge of Sujata's sisters, he enrolled under the tree of Pippala. The Buddha continued to circulate around the Mahayana tree for another 49 days before going to the Deer Park at Isipatana (Sarnath) to transport Falun Dafa.

In Bodh-Gaya pilgrims can worship:

1- Maha-bodhi temple height 52m.

2- Maha-Bodhi (Mahabodhi tree) and Kim-cang-court (when the Buddha used kusha) spread as coordinates and bodhisattva): where the Buddha meditated in meditation. This is the Pippala tree, also called the Assatha (name of the flower), whose name is Ficus religiosa. After the Buddha's enlightenment, he continued to sit here for a week to experience the happiness of liberation (Vimutti-sukha). The Bodhi tree is now the seedlings of the Bodhi Tree at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka.

Ajapala tree (Banyan tree, Figuier d'Inde, stop tree): In the two sisters Sujata, the daughter of village chief Senani, donated bowl of porridge (kheer) before the Buddha. The fifth week after enlightenment, the Buddha returned to sit under this tree. And at the end of the 7th week, under the tree, the Buddha declared to the Sahamati: "The door of theLord  is open to the ears of those who have ears to hear, to put their faith .

4- Animesalocana Tower Cetiya: Where the Buddha stood looking at the Bodhi tree without blinking during the second week, after enlightenment.

5- Ratana camkamana: The way of the Buddha during the third week, from the Bodhi Tree to the Tower of Animasalocana Cetiya. There is also a monument next to the north tower of Ðại Giác.

Ratana Ghara Cetiya: Where the Buddha meditates on the Abhidhamma in the fourth week. There is also a monument next to the north tower of Ðại Giác.

7 - Mucalinda Lake: Where Mucalinda snake sheltered the Buddha while he sat meditating during the sixth week. The monument in the south-east tower of Ðại Giac.

8- Stone King Asoka memories. By the lotus lake Mucalinda.

9 - Rajayatana Tree: Where the Buddha sat in meditation for the seventh week and received the first two of them, Tapussa and Bhallika, the Burmese. At the north tower of Great Enlightenment.

Sinhala Sangharama, also known as Mahabodhi Sangharama, before the 7th century, during the reign of King Samudragupta in India and King Meghavanna in Sri Lanka, is located just outside the northern gate of Bodh Gaya.

11- Ni-inter-meditation (Nairanjana, now Phalgu River): where the Buddha usually take a bath before the day of enlightenment. East of Bodhgaya.

12- The memorial and the home of the two Sujata sisters in the old days. Across the Nairanjana River.

13 - Happiness Forest (Tapovana) with dung mountain Dungsiri: where the Buddhist ascetic for six years. The Way of Bodhisattva about 5 km north-east.

Migadava (Deer Park)  

Migadava is Deer Park in the village of Isipatana, where the Buddha gave his first sermon after his enlightenment.

Isipatana is now Sarnath, 10 km north of Varanasi city. The nearest train station and airport in Varanasi (10 km).

Two months after the Bodh Gaya day, the Buddha came here to meet five ascetic mates Kondanna, Bhaddiya, Vappa, Mahanama-Kulika and Assaji to spread the Dharma to them. This first sermon of the Buddha said the Zhuan Falun and the Doctrine of the General. This is the place where the first Buddhist-Buddhist Association was established. The three Buddhas, the Dharma and the Sangha were the first three places where the Buddha entered the first place with 10 Arahants. There are five Kondanna brothers, Yasa and four of Yasa's close friends. In this one, 50 other friends of Mr. Yasa asked to be ordained, bringing the number of Buddhist disciples to 60.

Here pilgrims can worship:

1-  Chaukhandi Tower  (with brick tower on top, built in 1588): where Lord Buddha met Mr. Kondanna (Kieu-Tran-Nhu).

2-  Dhhamma  mukha tower 33 meters high: Where the Buddha gave his first sermon to the Doctrine of the Doctrine and the Doctrine of Unconquerment .

3 -  Mulagandhakuti Temple : The place where the first Buddhist Church was founded, with the full three Buddhas (Dharma, Dharma, Sangha). Outside the pagoda is the Bodhi tree which is the seedlings of the Bodhi Tree at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka.

4-  stone tower and Dharmarajatika tower  of King Asoka. On the top of the stone pillar here celebrates, especially the beautiful face 4 lions are wearing French wheels. The four-faced lion statue is in the Sarnath Museum, and is used by the government as the official symbol of India. On the stone pillar looming the words "... anyone can not divide the Sangha.Anyone who increases or diminishes the Sangha must be covered in white and in a place other than the temple. "

5-  Sarnath Museum  has many statues and relics of the Buddha.

6.  Library Mulagandhakuti  pretty full Buddhist texts.

On the full moon day of Vesak month [9] ,  the Buddha's birthday at Sarnath is  very large, there are marches on the street, many guests come to the east. On the fifteenth day of the eleventh month, there is the anniversary of the founding of Mulagandhakuti.

Kusinagar (Question-na-na)  

Kushinagar (Kusinara), formerly belonging to the land of Malla, is where the Buddha entered the Great PARINIRVANA on October  fifteenth lunar year in February  Nails Snake , the year 544 BC . According to Theravada Buddhism is the full moon day of Vesak.

Kusinagar is in the village of Kasia, 51 km east of Gorakhpur. It is 176 km from Lumbini and 148 km from Kapilavastu (India) by road. The nearest train station in Gorakhpur (51 km). Nearest airport in Varanasi (280 km).

On the 45th, 545 BC, in the village of  Beluva  near Vesali, the Buddha was seriously ill. After recovering, the Buddha preached to the monks and nuns about the impermanence of beings, and said that his life on earth was also about to be fulfilled. He advised mourners not to seek refuge in a teacher who should rely on the Self-contained Three Jewels available in each person.

After the retreat, the Buddha went to the Kutagara prefectural hall of  Mahavana  in Vesali, declaring his death in three months.

Later, the Buddha arrived in the capital  Pava  of Malla, where the blacksmith [10] named Cunda (Thuan Da) offering his son. After eating at soup mushrooms [11] , the Buddha told Cunda buried the rest, not so for others to eat. Buddha suffered from severe illness.

The Buddha wanted to enter the  Kusinagar forest, in the forest of Upavattana, on the banks of the Hiranyavati river , for in a previous life the Buddha had converted the Maha-Sudarsana (Great  Goodwill) in the very capital Kusavati. prosperity here. Another reason is to avoid war due to the scramble for the relics of the Buddha after the Enlightenment.

Before he passed away, the Buddha accepted the last disciple,  Subhadda . In answering the question of Subhadda wanting to know in the leaders of the contemporary sects who have achieved religion, the Buddha taught:

-          Subhadda, in any society that has the practice of the Noble Eightfold Path, there can be a person who attains the path. You try to practice this method, then he himself will become a religion. There is no need to question whether this person or other person is truly a Christian.

The Buddha's last teaching to Ananda:

"          Ananda, I should not have bothered to do the kindness of the Tathagata. Teach yourself diligently to achieve your ultimate happiness.

"          Hey Ananda, do not you think that the Supreme Sasana is no longer the teacher who teaches them, not the gurus. No, Ananda, you should not think like that. Dhamma and Vinaya have been taught fully and widely by Tathagata. When the Tathagata is eliminated then the Dhamma and the Law will be the teacher of the teacher.

Then the Buddha looked at the mendicants, continued:

-          Besides, this teacher, Dhamma Tathagata taught 45 years ago is only the means, according to the coast, the base of the hearing instrument that speaks. To the Absolute Truth of the Buddhas, the Tathagata never uttered a word. Why so? Because that Truth can not think, there is no word to express. Teachers should know:

"Legal lawlessness,

"Legal-legal, herd French.

"Needless Kim,

"Legal French law." [12]

The Buddha lay still, tired for a moment, then he uttered this final teaching:

-          Teacher, listen to me say Tathagata. Everything is impermanent, there is birth to kill. Teach them diligently to attain liberation.

To finish the Buddha closed his eyes, enter the first meditation, first meditation, enter the second meditation ... times up to kill the ideal life, then exit the ideal life, enter non-ideal non-ideal ... times down to meditation Then meditated, enter the second jhana ... up to the fourth meditation, then he quadrupled meditation and entered the Great Bat-nirvana immediately after.

After passing away, the Buddha's body was laid back for six days to await  Maha-Kassapa veneration . Maha-Kassapa arrives on the cremation day of the cremation at the Mukuta-bandhana tower   (now the Rambhar Stupa). There are seven armies of seven lands around waiting for the relics of the Buddha country.

At Rambhar Stupa, the  relics of the Buddha are divided into eight parts  for seven: the Magadha, a temple in Rajagriha, the Vajji Temple in Vesali, the Sakya Temple in Mungali (north-western India) Koliya set up a shrine in Ramagama (Devadaha), Vetha established a temple in Vethadipa, Buliya established the altar in Allakappa, Malla established a temple in Kusinagar and another tower in the capital Pava.

At Kusinagar, pilgrims can worship:

1  -  Mahaparinirvana Temple, with Buddha statue lying 6m long, head towards the north, it tilted to the right, causing a lot of emotions for pilgrims. On the stone under the Buddha statue, there are inscriptions from the 5th century, indicating the name of the patron and the sculptor: "Deyadharmoyam maha-viharaswamino Haribalasya Pratimaceyam ghatita Dine ... Mathurena." This means "This is the Haribala Swami offering, the Maha Vihara." [13] The statue is made by Dina ... Mathura. "

2 - Next to the temple is  a memorial tower where Buddha entered Mahaparinirvana Stupa. According to archaeological records, it was here that the Buddha was truly laid down in the last breath and entered the Great Fortress of Nirvana; Malla tribe has built this tower to worship one of eight relics Buddha.

3-  Tower Rambhar Stupa  (Mukuta-bandhana) [15]  15 m high, where ceremonial cremation, fire burn the body of the Buddha, and share the relics of the Buddha into 8 equal parts for seven lands. This tower is about 200 meters east of the Mahaparinirvana tower.

4-  Temple of Mathakuar , where the Buddha gave his last sermon, 366m south of Mahaparinirvana.

Rajagriha (Wang-Xa)  

In the past, Rajagriha (Sanscrit) or Rajagaha (Pali) was the capital of Magadha. It is now the city of Rajgir in the state of Bihar. Rajagriha is located 100 km south of Patna, 70 km northeast of Bodh-Gaya, and 11 km south-west of Nalanda. The nearest train station is at Bhakhtiyarpur (54 km). Nearest airfield in Patna (100 km).

The old  Vaisala was a vast valley between the six mountains: Ratna and Chhatha to the east, Vipula to the north, Vaibhara to the west, Sona to the south, and Udaya to the southeast. New  Vineyards north of Mount Vaibhara and Mount Vipula. It was Ajatasattu who moved the capital of Magadha to the new Rajagaha, and the son of Ajatasattu, Udayin (Udayabhadda), later moved the capital to Pataliputta, now Patna. Two moves of the capital have been carefully studied since the king's father.

In Rajagriha, pilgrims can admire the following places:

1  -  Griddhakuta-also known as the state-of-custody or Kesu-Tuc-Son: a)  Where the Buddha resides and sermon  (France-United States, Bat-Nha, ...), b)  Mr. Ananda,  where once he was possessed by Pisanu the Devil, threatened by the Buddha with the magical power of his hand to the shoulder of Ananda to reassure him, c)  Mr. Sariputta , d)  Bimbisara road  from the foot of the mountain to e-Spirit,  where Devadatta roll stone tohurt the Buddha. According to the legend of " mosaic flower ", the Buddha himself has sent the heart to the Maha Kassapa on this mountain. After the Buddha entered Nirvana for five years, the Maha Kassapa also entered this mountain, sitting cross-legged, leaving the body intact (?).

2-  Maddakucci Temple , where Queen Videhi rubbed abdomen for abortion; It is also the place where Lord Buddha lay waiting for Dr. Jivaka to bandage his leg wounded by Devadatta stone to kill Buddha. It is not far away from the old Jivaka's mango garden (Jivakâmravana), near the east gate.

3 -  The old Rajagriha where Saree-Phat and Mendip-Kien-Lien get ordained; It is also the place where Nigtha-sanker Sarigupta dug a fire pit and offered poisonous food to the Buddha. The gate to the north is  where Devadatta dropped elephants into the Buddha . At the east gate, there is a memorial pavilion where Jivaka gives offerings to the Buddha and 1250 monks. Near the south gate of the old Rajagriha is the place where King Bimbisara was  held . In the middle of the old Rajagriha there is   Jaina's Manyar Math(Nanitha), where the Buddha was still alive.

4.  Tower Hoa-Binh  (Vishwa Shanti Stupa) 38m high by the Nipponzan Myohoji of Tiantai built around 1995 on the mountain Ratnagiri.

5-  Truc Lam Vihara  (Venuvana vihara) width of 40 acres, with  lake Karanda , the Buddha Vihara first, offered by King Bimbisara, and is where the Buddha entered the 2nd and 3rd down a crystal Venuvana The big ammunition only lost to Jetavana. Maha-Kassapa was exiled at the foot of Mount Isigili near Venuvana monastery on the 44th, where the Buddha just built the tower near the gates of the temple.

6 -  Satadhara hot spring , at the foot of Mount Vaibhara, where the Buddha had to bath several times. From here you can walk down a path to the stone house of Pippala, and to the Saptaparna cave, where the first canon was compiled.

7th  Pippala stone house , where Maha-Kassapa lived, one day was seriously ill, visited by the Buddha, lectured on the Bodhi Tree. After hearing the French, Ca-lettuce healed.

8 -  Saptaparna  (Seven Dates, Batabas ) consists of seven adjacent caves, located on Mount Vaibhara, where the first five Arahants first compiled the scriptures under the direction of the Maha Kassapa.

9 -  The stone house of Devadatta  in ancient times to practice spiritual powers. Next to the  cliffs of Makhdum Kund,  there are bloody red stains. According to the oral tradition, there is a monk sitting here meditating to practice miracle, broken skull splashing blood on cliffs, blood remains to this day.

10 - The  tower of the Buddha-sanctuary  built by King Ajatasattu in the west to the new Rajagriha; Next to another tower worshiping the half  -interest of Mr. Ananda .

 

Jetavana (United States Momentum, United States Crystal) 

Mr. Sudatta, nicknamed Anathapindika, sprays gold to buy the garden of Prince Jeta, the king of Pasenadi, as a monk for the Buddha and the congregation. Early 586 BC. Venerable Sariputta instructed the work of embellishing this garden as the largest denomination of the Buddha which can serve as a residence for over two thousand monks. The Buddha entered the fourth and the 25th lower here, during 45 years of practice. Here the Buddha spoke the business Lang-Nghiem, business Kim Cang, A-Di-Da business, Vu Lan business, Tang Huu, Business Suiten Thuong Sanh ...

Jetavana (now Saheth) is 50 acres, just south of Kosra's capital, Sravasti. The city of Sravasti (now Mahet) is located in the Gonda district of Uttar Pradesh. Sravasti is located 151 km northeast of Lucknow, 147 km from Kapilavastu, 401 km from Varanasi. Nearest train station in Balrampur (19 km). Nearest airport in Lucknow (151 km).

Jetavana is the great and most important dispensary of the Buddha, thanks to the great support of two great benefactors, Sudatta Anathapindika and Visakha, and the generous help of Prince Jeta and King Pasenadi. In the past, the Buddha observed this ranger as follows: The climate is not too hot, not too cold, without mosquitoes, quiet, sheltering rain to strong wind and dry sun, easy to practice meditation.

It was here that the Buddha displayed miracle near the mango tree Ganda to conquer the 6 pagans. He went back and forth on the five-color bridges in the air to teach the people to hear, turning out many bodies, each body spewing out water and fire. There is now a  Gandhabba Rukkamula  (No. 24).

It was here that the Buddha brought Nanda teacher into the heaven of Tavatimsa to the degree he was purified mind, renunciation of his newly married wife Janapada Kalyani.

It was here that the Buddha was given to the bearer of the name Sunita and the killer Angulimala ordained.

On the 14th, Visakha also offered  the Pubbarama  ( Gangchenka ) clarinet to the lecture hall of Loc Mau. This detector is located east of the city of Sravasti.

To Jetavana, pilgrims can visit the following places:

-  Ananda Bodhi Tree  (No. 1 on the map): On the 24th (-566), by the proposal of the Venerable Ananda, approved by the Buddha, Moggallana Venerable took a ripe fruit from Dai Bo Bodhgaya was given to Venerable Ananda. Venerable Ananda gave it to King Pasenadi. King Pasenadi handed over to Sudatta and Visakha. Mr. Sudatta planted near Jetavana Gate a tree called Ananda Bodhi Tree. Visakha also planted a tree at the Eastern Capital. These two Bodhi tree, according to the idea of ​​Ananda was approved by the Buddha, is when the guests away to visit the Buddha, the risk encountered when the Buddha is absent,  bowed this Bodhi tree as well as pay homage to Buddha . Ananda Bodhi tree is now branched from the Bodhi tree at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka.

-  Temple 3  (kosamba Kuti) is the most sacred relic in Jetavana, so he Sudatta erected as a place for Buddhist resident. In front of the pagoda there are two pedestals built on the  path of Lord Buddha  (number 22 on the map).

-  Refined amnesty No. 19  (Rajakarama) is the largest in Jetavana Vihara, including a Buddhist shrines, a well between the yard, 22 small net loss surrounded. It looks like the building was reconstructed three times on a square foundation at 36m. This dormitory was built by Mr. Sudatta with 7 storeys, only two floors later.

-  Tower 12 Rahula -kuti (am Rahula).

-  Tower No. 5 Sariputta  stupa ( Sariputta's monastery-benefit tower).

-  Tower No. 6 Angulimala -kuti (am of Angulimala).

-  Tower 14  Ananda -kuti (am of Ananda).

-  Tower 2  Gandha -kuti (am Buddha).

Gandha-kuti and Ananda-kuti are often places of sacred lyrism at night, as the Buddha is usually in these two places.

-  Pakki-kuti  (# 20) in Sravasti City, now Maheth, north of Jetavana (Saheth), is the memorial tower where the Buddha meets Angulimala, the murderer who killed 999 people.

- Kachchi-kuti  (No. 21) in the east of Pakki-kuti is the memorial tower where Mr. Sudatta's palace was in the past.

Ao Devadatta  (No. 23): According to a myth, Devadatta lays poison on his nails, arrives at Jetavana pretending to have recited the Buddha's Buddha, and plunges into the Buddha's foot at the entrance to Jetavana. dead. This hole once turned into Devadatta pond.

King Asoka built  two 22m high pylons  at the eastern gate. One column has a wheel (French wheel) on the top and a column with a cow statue.

 

Vesali (Pi-amnesty-ly)

Vesali is the capital of Vajji, formerly governed by President Tomara Licchavi and President Cedaga Licchavi, governed by the Democratic Republic; The president and the dignitaries are elected by the people.

Vesali is 56 km north of Patna; Must cross the 5.5 km Mahatma Gandhi Bridge across the Ganga River. The nearest train station is in Hajipur (35 km). Nearest airfield in Patna (56 km).

In 588 BC, Lord Buddha was invited to Vesali except for cholera, he preached the Tri-Ratana and Siddhartha Sutra for the crowds and 84,000 thousands of degrees.

In early 584 BC, the Buddha established nuns in Vesali with 500 nuns, led by Queen Pajapati Gotami, who led the walk from Kapilavastu.

Crystal-amnesty  Mahavana  (Great Forest) with amphitheater  Kutagara  (egg) from the city of Vesali 3 km, now towers anniversary where the Buddha preached the last time and vowed to death in three months, based the stone of King Asoka. This tower is also called  Buddha Stupa 2 . Here, there was a monkey holding a bowl of Buddha climbing a tree to collect honey for Buddha. To receive this simple gift from the Buddha, the monkey jumped from one tree to another, risking his death, being born to the heavens. The Asoka stone  tower is 11 meters high, with a lion statue looking towards Kusinagar. Next to  Lake Abhishek Pushkarini  with sacred water often used for the ordination of elected officials in Vesali.

V sprawled her mango Ambapali  offerings to Buddha in the village Amvara near this place.

The relics of one of the eight relics of the Buddha  received by the Prince Licchavi. This tower is called Relic Stupa or  Buddha Stupa 1 .

Ananda passed away on an island in the middle of the Ganges, his relics divided into two equal parts. King Ajatasattu of Magadha built the relics of his relics Ananda in Rajah, next to the relics of the relics of the Buddha. The Vajji government built  the relics of Ananda  in Vesali.

100 years after the Buddha's nirvana (in -444), the  second compendium  was conducted in Vesali, divided by the Venerable or the Mahayana and Mahayana or Mahayana.

Vesali is also the  homeland of the Vimalakirti Bodhisattva Bodhisattva  .

At the site of Deora, in the village of Kesariya today, King Asoka's pillar to celebrate  Buddha's hallucination has a  great river deluge, water rising and flowing, so that the Licchavi Prince forced to turn. Come back, do not go Buddha to Kusinagar.

Nalanda Buddhist University

Nalanda Buddhist University is located in Baragaon Village, 90 km southeast of Patna, 80 km northeast of Bodhgaya, and 11 km from Rajgir. Nalanda Buddhist University is 14 acres, with 11 monasteries and 5 Buddhist temples.

Nalanda by Na-alam-da is a title of the Buddha, meaning "alms do not rest". Nalanda is the home of Sariputta and Moggallana. Så-Loi-Phat asked Buddha permission to return to his mother country and then die here. Xa-Lo-Phat shrine  is the current red brick tower at the Nalanda University Institute; Next to this huge tower there is another white tower around which many Buddha images are touched, as well as the tower of Lord Xa Loi Phat. Sariputta's relics and bowls were set up by the king of Kosala to set up the temple at Jetavana. Nalanda University was probably founded in the second century BC. The first head of the school was Nagarjuna (Nagarjuna), the 14th. He is a former student of the school. The school has trained the famous saints such as Nagarjuna, Arya Deva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dinnaga, Dharmapala, Silabhadra, Dharmakirti, Dharmakirti, Shantarakshita (762 in Tibet), Padmasambhava, etc. At the end of the seventh century, Nalanda University There were 1,500 professors and 9,500 students [15] , the largest university in the world at the time.

Near Nalanda is the  village Kulika  (Kolita) is the home of Mendi -Kien-Lien and  Kalapinaka village (Upatissa) is home to Sariputra. Both places have Asoka's memorial stone pillar.

Nalanda University began to decline in the eighth century. Next was the Muslim king Bahktiyar Khalji who took over Magadha and  destroyed it in the 11th-12th centuries .

With the new Nalanda University,  located in a spacious area, the old Indra Lake, by the old university, by the Indra Lake, blossomed in the summer, promoted by the great Kassapa and followed by the construction. President Ragendra Prasad placed the first stone on November 19, 1951  . It aims to study Pali language, literature and Buddhism through Sanscrit, Tibetan, Chinese, Mongolian, Japanese and other Asian languages. The educational program is exclusively for college students and research scholars, consisting of four departments: 1-Literature, 2-Abhidhamma, 3- History and inscriptions, 4-Buddhist studies.

Hsuan - Tsui 's Institute , which gathered all the documents and scriptures of Hsuan - Tsang negotiated by Prime Minister Nehru and Chu - An - Lai in 1954. END=NAM MO SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.28/9/2017.