THE LIGHT OF THE LIGHT OF THE BROAD  .

Dhamma is a  gatha, that is the correction,  verse , poems are easy to remember.Because "meet the  discretion of  speaking", the style is very rustic, outline and  intimate as the  simple words of eating rice clothes.

overview

Said  Dhammapada  North transmitted, are  compiled  in Sanskrit, is to  distinguish  the Dhammapada  Male TV, was  compiled  by Pali. 

Dhammapada  North transmitted when transmitted to China, translated into Chinese, at first  there are many different names,  such as France  went collective experience, Dhammapada  episode, Dhammapada  continent, Dam-bowl business, Dam-regardless ...  Public To  say that the  Dhamma is not a  sutra , but a collection of  verses  by  the Buddha to speak, to be scattered throughout the Ascariotas and other suttas, and even individual  verses  . In  Title  Dhammapada ,  lay  Chiem Khiem wrote:  "The  verse  by Bhagavan met the  discretionary  speech  not spoken in a while. Each  poem  has a beginning,  end  and scattered in the business (...) Later, Sa-year  sectarian  manually copy the  verse  4 sentences or six sentences in the business,  based on the  content of each  shelf  and then named products. Compared to the twelve section of spear, the content of the  This shelf is too short, no business name  satisfactory , should be called the French phrase ". This short passage shows that the  verse  Dhammapada  has been shaped and perfected as soon as Buddha  in the world , the monks recite, recite and transmit to each other. 

Dhamma is a  gatha, that is the correction,  verse , poems are easy to remember.Because "meet the  discretion of speaking", the style is very rustic, outline and  intimate as the  simple words of eating rice clothes. It can be said that the  Dhammapada belongs to the real world, or the  doctrine continents, recorded  the truth  occurs when the Buddha was  in the world , which are the words of attack, encouraged and sometimes even words  rebuked  the game; or the definition of  law weak , about Nirvana ... Therefore,  Chi Khiem  said, "He  left home  at  Thien Truc otherwise  learn Dhammapada  is going wrong sequence  studied . Dhamma  is the necessary step  to help those who enter the  practice of  penetrating deeply  into the  dharma  , clever opening to the savage, Motivate  learners to  return to  live with themselves. Can say Dhammapada  is  meaningless  mystery, ultimate essence. " 

History of  infusion 

Currently,  Dhammapada  Han organ has four sets, Pali organ has a set,  Tibet  has two sets, and  recently  it was discovered a Sanskrit text, under the  language  kingdom Gandhara la (Gandhara). ¹ 

Highlands in 1892, in the  vicinity  Khostan, it was discovered an ancient text written in letters Kharosti, a Prakrit dialect typical things northwest India. The  scholars  of modern 've determined that secondary  language  Gandhari, a kind of  language  is  used extensively  in the second century TL. 

In the  title  of Dhammapada , Chi Khiem  wrote:  "The dharma also has several sets, a set of 900  verses , a set of 700  verses , a set of 500  verses ."  Wrote: "Cat-recently, transmitted to a set of 700  verse . "unfortunately, so far  we  have yet to be Cat-market research is one or  sectarian  yet! According to  speculations  of  India Thuan , pursuant phonetic sand-marketing can be  sectarian  Ca-lettuce-cell, ie  Moisture ray sets (Kasyapiya). This is the branch of  Distinction Theory  (Vibhajya-vadin) and have contact  with  schools of The  Sarvasti-vadin. ² 

1.  Dhammapada  Chinese translation 

As mentioned,  Dhammapada  Han has four sets of organs, such as  the Dhammapada,  Dhammapada  example , doing wonders Export and  France set  main proceedings, respectively  bearing number from 210-213, episode 4, the  Japan coast , the lower atmosphere, of the  Tripitaka  University tu main front. 

-  Dhammapada Dhamma, ĐTK / ĐCTT, T04, n °. 210,  venerable  Rescue (Dharmatrata) recruited composer. This is the  Dhammapada  Han first translation, by Sa-Duy-an-nan who  Thien Truc translated  into about  225 BC, life Ngo  Quyen , with the contributions of  lay  Chi Khiem  (hereinafter referred to as the corn). Duy-dao-nan to Dong Wu in the third year of Hoang Vu, or 224 calendar,  brought with  the  French 500  tons of chanting , but the two teachers only translate 495  counters , 26 products, because, " , there is no place to understand, so there are no translations ,  so there are many  shortcomings , many paragraphs do not translate. " ³  Then there is   Duy-sa-nan's directives are Sa-Truc Tu Diem,  Chi Khiem  Bring together, translate together into a village current , including 39 products, 752  items . 

According to research by  Indian Thuan  and many  study  Buddhism  another, the Dhammapada  that Duy-an-nan carry , including 26 products, 500  were listed by  the text of  sectarian  Copper chlorophyll sets , ie  Dhammapada  South or Pāli, or at least assert that the text is transmitted by the  local Chemistry , or by the Dharma . ⁴ In the currentedition of  Dhamma includes 39 products, including 13 products that Truc Tuong Diem added after,  based on In  this case  , it is possible to see that this is the text of  the  Unified Theory , or that it is related to the  Unified Theory . ⁵ 

-  Dhamma,  for example , AGD / DTT, T04, n °. 211, by Sa-  French France , the French  translation Tan Han Dynasty, about 305 calendar, including 4 books, 39 products (hereinafter referred to as Tan). This  explains  the meaning  and leads the story  says  the Dhammapada , but not fully, only 197  needy . It is possible that the translator has translated, or  owns the  copy The number and content of  the chant is similar to that of the Wu, which is likely to flow from a  sect . 

- Kinh Excellent, ĐTK / ĐCTT, T04, n °. 212, by Saṃghabhūti, the  Tan Tan , read the Sanskrit,  Buddhist meditation  in the Han, in the life of Yue Qin, about 398-399 calendar, including 30 books, 34 products ( hereinafter referred to as Qin). Marvelous or  Examples  are translated from the   Avadana Sanskrit . In the title of Marvelous Sutra,  Tang Due  writes: "The word Marvelous, previously translated as  Example , is one of the twelve  classical talents  ." ⁶ 

Most of the  chants in Export magic are the same  Dhammapada  that Duy-an-nan has translated into life Wu, also part of conditions ,  stories  to  explain  shelves proceedings are  relatively  similar  Dhammapada  example  by  France Cancer  and  France'retranslated into life Xun. 

Based on the essay Dai-tì-she-sa, vol. 1, arguing sentence-book, vol. 2,  the  IndianBuddhist ,  the author of  the  recitation in the Marvelous Sutra is the  author of the French Rescue . Descendant , in the title of business excellence was  based on  this theory. However , according to a comment  Great Place  degrees, vol 33, then the number of the  Dhammapada  is "because the  disciples  set  right again  after the Buddha entered Nirvana." As for writing  school every  explanation  and narrator is uncertain  the author . 

-  Sutra recitation, ĐTK / ĐCTT, T04, n °. 213,  Faith of the  Savior  , Sa-  nature of the Tai , the Thien Truc , the  religion , worshiping the Tong Song, about 990 Western calendar (hereafter called Tong). French  law is also known as France-Da-na,  purely  lit, including 4 books, 33 products. According to great-grandmother, sa-1,  "all  the chanting  udana are Buddhist words  . Buddha  Bhagavan  go everywhere teachers, classes met many  charming ,  discretionary  uttered . After the  Buddha death , Venerable  Rescue  turn  to hear litigation practice, he went to gather again, the set name. The proceedings are  meant to be  impermanent , and they form an impermanent ; until  all proceedings  related  to  violations even  then collected into a product range even . "⁷ This shows  the French collective  weakness of this procedure is transmitted by  sectarian  sarvastivada  and by  Venerable  Rescue  collection. 

The study of  Indians  shows that  the Dhammapada  is due Venerable  Phap Thu Sanh edited  , not the  first compiler . And, in the title  of the Dhammapada ,  Chi Khiem spoke of  the  900-  dharma verse , which  is surely the sect   of  the Most Sutras  .Chanting of the  sectarian  sarvastivada  is reciting Sanskrit and currently remains. ⁸ 

2  French  translation Vietnamese translation 

 

Comment 

As mentioned, in the preface of the  translation of  the Dhammapada  life Wu,  lay  Chi Khiem  wrote: "Dhammapada also have several different sets, with sets of 900  verses , with the 700  verses , with the 500 verses" , this seems to suggest that the  Dhamma has three versions, Quang and Trung. According to the study of La Pang, the Sanskrit, Pali, and Tibetan versions of the three versions of Quang, Trung and Luoc are still present. 

Dhamma  Pāli has 26 products, 423  shelf , that is, Lua. France shot  of corn, Dhammapada  example  of Attack, includes 39 products, 752  verse  proceedings, ie the Central. The Qin Dynasty (mainly explain  Dhammapada  or the inner texts),  Sutra collection proceedings weak Northern Song Dynasty and translated  Dhammapada Tibetan translation include from 900 to 1500  needy , 33, ie the Square. 

In these three versions, Pāli and Ngô are the oldest and most similar, although Ngô is more than Pāli. The two Qin and Song, in terms of the name of the product is most like the Wu, Tan, but the order and content change quite a lot, this shows that this is the original version. 

Dhamma  Pāli not name  the author . The author of the  Northern Ngo  scripture  is the author of the  Lotus Sutra compiled . This shows that  the Dhammapada is preceded  by a line drawn from the  history of the  lineage . The revision  of the following changes more and more, not  once , so  the nature  of  the prayer  changes a little more. For example, the first name, Luong and Trung are called  Dau , but the Quang is called  Example , Distinguished ... When changing the name of  the  workman must have  intentionally changed the internal capacity to  conform  to the  sectarian her! 

But, high achievement, though the  form of  organizing  Dhammapada  very  simple  but it contains very deep content, reflect  the whole doctrine critical  of  Buddhism , the words  teaching ethics  very  practical . Dhammapada as Continental Connection particles on  moral ethics  and  truth absolutely  a  pearl necklace worth . Or, as  Zen Master Nhat Hanh , the  Dhamma  is a  flower        is bound by the  most beautifulflowers  in the garden of the  Dharma . END=NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ),VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMNENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.28/6/2018.