Recalling the case of Tỳ Lưu Ly and the celestial move to Gandhàra of the Thich family.

Our mind goes around,

All the heaven,

Also not found,

Who is more self than self.

Self to all people,

So cordial.

So who loves the self,

Do not harm yourself  ¹ .

The self and the attachment to the self are one of the causes of suffering, loss and loss. When the self is elevated, the person is satisfied, happy, but once the self is offended, the resentment, and even hatred will arise. Depending on the attachment and attachment to the self, depending on the nature and extent of the offense, the degree of affliction or hatred is dragged accordingly.

In human history, there have been many bloody wars that have originated from the injury and the humiliation of the self. Prince Vidudabha (Sanskrit record is Virudhaka: विरूढक. Pali:  Vidudabha) is one such typical case ² . Humiliated of origin, hugging the wound with a high degree of hatred, irrigated by the exaggerated exaggeration of my unrighteousness, had left the Venerable Thich Ca ³ . With devastating levels of this massacre, judicial language equivalent of today see it as genocide ( genocide) ⁴ .

The following discussion tries to clarify the events surrounding this massacre as well as explain why the Shakyamuni migrated to Gandhara.

Pi Lu Ly and the massacres of the Thich family

The material on King Bhikkhu and the Shakyamuni massacre are both mentioned in the traditional Sanskrit and Nikāya traditions.

 In the Han, this story can be found in the  highest A-junction , vol. 26, product Ant ⁵ ; and Kinh  Nghia , the lower book,  Duy Lau Legendary King ⁶ . In the Nikāya document, the story of Tidus is recorded in  the Dhammapada  Commentary ⁷ ; and in the  Jātaka story ,  story 7,  her story collecting wood , story 465,  Story Sala-old sand wall . In the Nikāya documentary, the contents of the story of Pi Luu Ly in the French commentary tales  and the  story of Sala-ancient sand wall same to each other. Not only that, when confronting both sources of Nikāya material against the contents of the Han literature, the content of the story of Prince Vidyulodin is very similar in its basic content.

Thus, this is a real event, secured by many reliable sources in the Han as well as Nikāya.

1- Pi Lu Ly - body and character

The Sākya clan, who lived in Kapilavatthu, had the prince Mahānāma as the successor of the kingdom of Kapilavatthu after King Suddhodana passed away. King Mahānāma previously took the nāgamundā maid and produced a daughter named Vāsabha Khattiyā.

While King Pasenadi reigned over the kingdom of Kosala, he proposed to the daughter of the Sākya clan ⁸ ; Due to various reasons, the Sākya clan has married Vāsabha Khattiyā, a daughter of a lower class mother, to the monarch of Pasenadi. Pi Luu Ly is the child born from the marriage is not clear about the title. In other words, Pi Lu Ly was the son of King Pasenadi and Vāsabha.

But whose mother came from the class of low, but by being educated in an environment Elites and the love of his father Pasenadi, should Vidudabha gradually become a grave Buddha and a military general ( Senapati ) uy brave. In the Central Business  , the  birth of the  number 87, King Pasenadi has affirmed his feelings for Prince Vuyun Ly through dialogue with Queen Mallikā.

- Dai Uong, what do you think? If there is an epidemic, another change happened to Shogun Vi ₫ U ₫ Abha, the Great King had arisen sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, not the brain?

- Hey Mallika, if there is an epidemic, other changes happened to Shogun Vi ₫ U ₫ Abha there will be other changes happening to my life, how could not arise in me, sorrow, lamentation, pain , brainpower? ⁹ .

 Living in the love and tradition of the parents of the Buddha, Pi Lu Lu Ly also influenced somewhat from this educational environment. The conversation between Ānanda Sun and General Lī Lā Lyu in  Ka ṇṇ akatthala  reveals that Venerable Ly is also interested in learning the Dharma.

- General, army have heard of the gods in the heavenly Thirty Three?

- Yes, Tonight. We have heard of gods in the heavenly Thirty-three. And here, the king of Kosala Pasenadi also hears of the gods in the heavenly Thirty-three.

- General, what do you think? Can the Pasenadi of Kosala be able to expel or expel the gods of the thirty-third heaven from that place?

- Venerable King Pasenadi of Kosala can not see gods in the heavenly Thirty-three, how can he expel or expel the gods in heaven thirty-three out of that?

- Also, this General, the gods have mind brain damage, birth here, can not see the gods do not have brain damage, not born here, how can be driven out or removed Heaven does not mind brain damage, not born here out of that place? ¹⁰ .

From the above mentioned sources it has been shown that, until adulthood as a general, Pi Luu Ly is still a gentle king and a supporter as well as passionate about studying Buddhism. What causes Prince Siddhartha to become a blasphemer?

2- Cause of the massacre

At one time, Pasenadi learned of his inferior origin, Vassabha, who had disposed of both mother and child, both of whom had to live in the womb and were not free to walk. Knowing the story, the Buddha advised King Pasenadi:

 Vassabha, who is the daughter of Vāsabha Khattiyā?

- the Lord, the Mahānāma.

- When she  came, she was his wife?

"My Holiness, my Lord."

- Great king, she is the daughter of the king. She  came to be king's wife. She  gave her son to the king. Which son, for whatever reason, does not own the kingdom owned by the father? (Jataka. N ^o .7) .

From this advice, King Pasenadi restored the identity and status of the mother of Venerable. This is the first impression that negatively affects the mind of Prince Vuong Luu when he was a child.

Not only that, during a visit to his hometown, Prince Vuong traveled to a royal rest-house and accidentally sat on a rectangle in the center of the building. . Practitioners knew this should have scolded Tỳ Lưu Ly badly, and then they cleaned the house as well as the place with milk and water. According to King Sakya clan, this house and that the seat was a child comes of housemaids make dirty, so you do purification (arghya) ¹¹ . The commentary  A-Pi-ma-ma-sa-sa-sa  also noted and explained more about this case ¹² . This is the second impact, making the resentment seeds in Prince Vulcrule more boiling, rising.

Nikaya records that when King Bhumibol visited his hometown and was heavily humiliated at the age of 16. The organ is not recorded in terms of age, but said that at that time, the Sākya clan had just completed a large lecture hall, which was later inaugurated by the Buddha. At the same time the Buddha was old and not very well, so Mendi Kien Kien has replaced the Buddhist doctrine of the  Pali canon  recorded in  Acts ¹³ . With a young adult, the development of physiological psychology is not stable, the many foreigners humiliated about the origin of the body, has created a great wounds are not faded in the mind.

 Not only that, this humiliation is also multiplied by the Brahmins of Hao's grief, as recorded from the earliest Sutra  of the Han Dynasty, or the support of the courtier Dīgha-Kārāyana according to the material. Nikaya. Dīgha-Kārāyana is a descendant of General Bandhula, who had been resentful of King Pasenadi before. While King Pasenadi gave Dīgha-Kārāyana the kingship of the kingship before entering the dharma with the Buddha, at a monastery in the Medulampa town of Sākya ¹⁴ , he received it and then handed it to him. Luu Ly, so that the king officially took over the royal authority without the permission of his father. This is a favorable condition, maturing the determination of the returnees of the Venerable Thich Ca.

The above are the causes in the present life. In a further connection, which is the cause of many previous life, according to the Nikāya documentary, the Shakyamuni line thrown poison into the river to kill many species of aquatic life, and today it is destroyed. Also related to the racial, the  most Agamemnon  in the document that the Chinese Sanhedrin said that in many previous life, King Vulak Ly fish body, called Tau, the Sakya family had eaten that fish today now have to take the disaster. Works  basis sarvastivada Pi complaint has been used , vol 18, also said that when Prince Vidudabha do yourself a big fish, the royal clan ate fish that should this life had to take hard work.

Among the causes mentioned above, the cause of humiliation of personal origin, severely offended on the level of kinship is more convincing. That is in line with the caste-view, rooted in the heart and in the heart of the Indians, from ancient times until today.

3. Evolution and consequences of the massacre

After being entrusted to the goddess Dīgha-Kārāyana gave the emperor the symbol of royalty, Pi Luu Ly crowned the throne and began to practice his mind. Recalling the old hatred, when the Sākya tribe despised in terms of body, Pi Lu Ly determined to pull troops to make business Kapilavatthu.

Prior to this event, according to the Nikāya document, the Buddha had three times disobeyed Piyavada by sitting under a tree beside the main road of the conquest. What is especially interesting in this event is that the tree of his sitting, although part of Kapilavatthu's land but dried up leaves, while there are many shady trees, but in the land of Pi Luu Ly.

When pulling troops, see the Buddha sitting under the tree leaves, Venerable Luu Ly amazingly stopped the horse, and then begged the Buddha not to sit under the dry tree. In that way, the Buddha replied,

- Great King,  leave me alone. The shadow of my family makes me cool. (Jataka No. 465).

This important statement is supported by many sources. For example, Pāli recorded: Hotu, mahā rāja, ñātakānam chāyā nāma sītala ¹⁵ ; The English translation is: Let be, king! The shade of my kindred keeps me cool ¹⁶ ; Han writing: 親族 之 廕 故 勝 外人¹⁷ .

From this answer, Bhikkhu was somewhat aware of the Buddha's heart for his royal family and gave orders to collect troops. Over three times, the Buddha learned that the karmic effect of the Sakyamuni was ripe for the fourth time, so he did not use any means of support.

With the accumulation of anger accumulated from childhood, plus the exposure of the evil courtiers such as Dīgha-Kārāyana, Pi Llu had almost completely killed the Shakyamuni, the bones of piles, blood flow River, except for his grandfather Mahānāma and some close relatives. Soon, suffering with the faults of the grandson of the unconscious cause with the Sākya clan, Mahānāma also self-profiteering.

From the massacre of the Venerable Kapilavatthu, Kapilavatthu sank in mournful pain. There are families who lost their parents because of the monk's death, so the children have to be reluctant to relatives with relatives. This is also the case of the two grandchildren of the monks, because of the loss of both mother and father, so his grandfather has been struggling alms to nourish and care ¹⁸ . Not only that, there are bhikkhuni because of the turmoil of Pi Luu Ly should be alone overnight outside the city should make mistakes, the Buddha taught that, this is not to not be guilty ¹⁹ . Even so, there are some Shaky people who are too afraid to take refuge in the religion to preserve their lives. This, the A-Pi-ma-Pi-ma-sa commentary  ,  the 191 wrote:

By the evil king-Pi-Thich Ca-Ca slaughtered the people they liked in the birth-billion-fine-fine-pouring. Those who love to survive by fear should be refrained according to the foreign profession to save the body. The Buddha, for they should say: You are frightened by the outside of the monk's ordination, their legal suit. Now no more fear, all should return to refuge in the Buddha. So Buddha ordered the special disciples of people there, there's countless people their favorite pagan returned from refuge in Buddha measures ²⁰ .

During the massacre of the Shogunate, except for a few survivors, shortly thereafter, representatives of the Sākya clan in Kapilavatthu came to Kushinagar to ask for a portion of the relics of the Buddha to serve. worship ²¹ ; In addition, there are four Sākya kings who escaped to Gandhara.

The paradise to Gandhāra of the Shogunate

1. An overview of Gandhara and documentation related to the celestial cycle in the Western Highlands

Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार), is an ancient name for the Peshawar Valley in the local dialect today. Gandhāra was once a large area, from Pakistan's northwestern Prontier province, and extends into the Kabul valley of Afghanistan ²² . This vast area is the territory of many countries, which today is only known on many pages of history. Among the countries in the Gandhāra area, there are countries such as Othaya, Phat-a-na, and Kandarara. These four countries are related to the four sisters of Shakyamuni who defected from the massacre.

According to the work of the  Great Tang Dynasty , Xuanzang said that in the remains left in the city of Kapilavatthu, there are also four small stupas, marking where four princes Sakai escape the area north of Tuyet Son.

In the southwest of the Thich massacre, there are four small stupas, where the four princes of Sakyamuni reside. These four are driven away and should run north. One of the emperors of Emperor Zhang, a king of Pham-do-na, a king of Jordan, a king of Trade-di, many generations of career, post do not stop ²³ .

Here, the work of the  Great Western Road signed  a relatively high credibility, has been recognized by the world in terms of documentation. However, documenting with other sources is another way of clarifying this important information.

First of all, O-trượng-na, Sanskrit term Udiyāna, means garden. This country is now an area in the Swat River Valley, Swat District, Pakistan ²⁴ . In the  Great Western Road  , one of the four saints, Sakyamuni, came to this area and formed a Long Girl, to eventually establish the country of Hagia. Although the material of Huyen Chang is mixed with realities and myths, however, the fact that King Sakyamuni once stayed here was mentioned in great detail.

The second is Pham-Bien, the Bamyan region, which is one of the 34 provinces in present-day Afghanistan. Oldtimer, Pham-takes-na is an ideal stopover for the caravans on the Silk Road ²⁵ . The characteristic of Pham-doan's country is described by Xuanzang as the scene we see today:  The people here rely on the mountain cave to build houses, most of the capital is based on the cave to build ²⁶ . Perhaps due to the favorable conditions of this particular condition, Buddhism in Pham-o-na easily create the giant Buddha based on the cliffs, which two large statues of Buddhism among the Buddhist monks The Bamyan, destroyed by Taliban insurgents in March 2001.

Third, Hi-doladez. Sanskrit term Himatala, meaning at the foot of Mount Snow, now Daraim region, northeastern Afghanistan, south of Kokcha River ²⁷ . Xuanzang had said:  When the ancient powers that this is a sovereign princely capital of Sakya ²⁸ .

Fourth, Shang-di. Sanskrit is Sgamaka record, this is the land of Chitral, Hindu-Kush Mountains south, from Pakistan ²⁹ . Huyen Trang said:  King of the line they like to worship Buddhism. So the people, though permeated, are not very pure yet ³⁰ .

2. The propaganda of the descendants of the Shogunate to Gandhāra

In the Han scriptures, there are many classics as well as many sorcerers originating from Gandhāra. About scriptures, one of the important evidence was discovered in 1994, are the manuscripts of ancient alphabet Kharosthi, is written by language Gandhari, dating from about the first century, by  Agency See gallery India and the East, in the British Library  (The British Library's Oriental and India Office collections) ³¹  chair. In 29 of this ancient manuscripts, partly texts  Phung proceedings  (Sangiti) ³²  is accompanied by the current annotation. After careful comparison of versions from Sanskrit, Pāli, Richard Salomon and his colleagues found that the sutra was very similar to the Sutra version  .³³ ,  in  the A-function field . This is an important proof that the script from Gandhāra was transmitted very early to China.

Part of the country of Osmond-na today

In the history of Buddhism, after the Buddha's extinction, Gandhara was a region in North India where Buddhism flourished. Even in the country O-rod-na, as noted by Xuanzang, in  of the Western Lands Register , vol 3, existed simultaneously teachings annual Buddhist sect as:  Mass set, Necessarily organic sets, Moisture sets, Local Chemistry, France Secret ( organ-nv ) sets . That confirmed the flourishing of Buddhism in this area. Here, one of the important causes for Buddhism to flourish in Omani, is the royal defense of the monarchy, recorded in the  high fortune story., the story of Na Lien Le Da Xa. In addition, the historian notes that there is a Gandhāra Ganesh to the Chinese missionary work originating from the Shakyamuni, who is also the Shogunate Tōsaka, who is also a sorcerer of water origin. O-sling.

* King of water in the school

King of the O-field ³⁴  with the same Buddha, ie the Shakyamuni, the lineage assassins. At the time, the Sultanate of O-market as a child, self-professed Dharma. In each of the soup has risen to worship the Three Jewels, offering incense and sincere offerings. When the sun rises, the electricity goes up to the water. At around the Dragon, the king used water to bath Buddha statue. Everyday, in the regular supply of boys offering to hundreds of monks. King with his wife hand offerings. At sunset, the king copied a few lines of literature and the name of the Buddhist conversation. Later, the king met with the police to discuss the water. In the evening, the king went to the Buddha's own hands to light the lamp, worship, and recite reading the scriptures. For more than thirty years, the monarch has practiced that way.

The above is only a partial account of the king of O-field, mixed in the biography of Na Lien Da Le Da Xa.

It should be added that, to date Than The second year (519) dynasty Northern Wei, monks Hui Born in The  Northern Wei Tang Hui porcelain Western Lands  noted:  Sultan countries O-rod-na only to eat vegetables and fruits boys, diligently ceremony Buddha two early ^35th night .

* Sa-Hitman Section Tri Tien

According to the  Encyclical Letter , vol. 6 ³⁶Sa-Tidi is a North Indian, Oscar-bearer, the lineage Assassinate-benefit, is the descendant of the Shakyamuni. In ancient times, the cause of Prince Tỳ Lưu Ly to destroy C-Pi-la-protection, to kill them Like. At that time, there were four Thich Nhat Hanh who were angry at the anti-resistance movement. The four princes sworn that we, because of the race of the Dharma, should not be left. The four princes departed and each was king of the country. Now is the king of the school, Pham-Act ... many generations of continuity has not come to an end. Sorceress Tri Tien is the descendant of the later Shogunate. He accompanied his disciple, Gautama Prajñāruci, to the imperial city in the third year of his reign (541) in the reign of King Hieu Tinh (524-552). The translation of the Cursillo by Professor Tỳ Mμ Trí Tiên is composed of six essays, which are also reserved in Tripitaka recitals ³⁷ .

Identify

Classical material in both traditions in Sino-Tibetan and Nikāya concurrently convinced that the fact of the massacre of Shakyamuni's Shakyamuni tribe was a historic event in general and Buddhism in particular. The severity of the massacre culminated, so many people they like to mix in pagan to preserve his life, as a comment  A-Pi-reaching Rom Dai-Pi-she-sa  had just out. Placing yourself in that context, you can understand why the four princes of Sakyamuni have defected to Gandhara.

Discussing the events of the four Sākya founders in Gandhāra, by Étienne Lamotte in  History Indian Buddhism  , it is apocryphal , since around the 6th century BC, the area was located. under the control of the Achaemenid dynasty ³⁸ .

In our opinion, the history of ancient nations is often associated with the myth, even as the Achaemenid dynasty is inevitable. Not only that, based on the testimony in the Kharoṣthī alphabet carved in the pillar Shāhbāzgaṛhī and Mānsehrā, in northern Pakistan, author Richard Salomon said that in the middle of the third century BC, Buddhism appeared in Gandhāra , under the patronage of Asoka ³⁹ . Thus, the story of the four princes of Sakyamuni escaping from the tribulation of Pihuula to Gandhāra still contains reasonable elements.

First, the road from Kapilavatthu to Gandhāra is not too far away, the distance is only one-tenth, compared with the journey of Hsuanzhuang. Under the conditions of the royal family, it is not difficult to move.

Second, in the  Great Western Way , the record of Master Huyen Trang is very detailed. From the starting point in Cilicia, to the four countries marked by the four princes, Xuanzang are concerned and careful note.

Thirdly, many sources point out that there are many descendants of the Shogunate who lived in Gandhāra, as well as from Gandhāra who traveled to China early on. This confirms the existence of the Shogunate in Gandhara.

Thus, the fact that the Sakyamuni escaped to Gandhāra after the massacre of the monk was a historical fact. Regarding the establishment of the king or king, not enough data to confirm. Thus, sometimes Indian historical material, particularly the history of Buddhism, is usually not delimited between a rāja or a mahā rāja ; a small city (पुर:  pura )  ⁴⁰  or a country (जनपद:  janapada ) ⁴¹ .

In all, it can be affirmed that, whatever the circumstances, the Shakyamuni in Gandhara still assert their role in the field of propagation of Buddhism, this is a fact guaranteed by many sources. different materials.END=NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.29/6/2018.