Meaning Sunshine .

After the 'Great Abandonment', the  Bodhisatta  went to see two ascetic masters,  Alara Kalama  and  Udakka Ramaputta , who taught him the training of the arūpānas . Although the certificate realm that's achieved the highest realm at that time, but he is still not satisfied, because it does not lead to the realm of Nirvana ( Nibbana) . After leaving, they find a   desert cave on a hill called  Dhongra Hill . There he practiced ascetic, painful and in vain, for six years, there could be only skeletal remains and he was almost dying. After realizing  the futility of practicing the body, He decided to take the  Middle Way  and start eating again to recover his health. The other five ascetic friends thought that they had given up and started returning to enjoyment, so they abandoned him. Now, the  Bodhisatta begins the struggle alone to find enlightenment. One day before the full moon in Wesak, while carrying a bowl standing under a Banyan tree preparing for alms, a young woman named  Sujata  came to offer rice porridge with milk in a  gold dish. Sujata is the daughter of a patriarch of the village of  Senanigama  . After using the porridge, the  Bodhisatta  brought gold discs to the banks of the NeranjaraRiver  (Ni-Union-Boat), and it says: "If I can successfully become a Buddha, give this dish goes upstream, if not into, let saucer downstream" - and he threw the golden plate into the river. The disk emerged in the middle of the river and drifted upstream, being about 80 cubits (37m) and submerging down the ridge. That afternoon, on a  Bodhisattva's  way to the  Bodhi tree , the mower named  Sotthiya  brought the grass to the  Bodhisattva  to make a meditation seat under the Bodhi Tree. Bodhisattva  sitting cross-legged lotus, face turned  east,  He resolved one heart and said that"Although the skin, tendons, bones wither. Even the flesh and blood will dry up. I will not leave my seat until I become a Buddha . "

Come  peak  last of those practices  Finishing  ( Balaam bile ) which he finished in countless lifetimes (aeons), without a sentient, even Mara and the army of deadly Mara could not make the Buddha scatter or leave the seat. This Aparajitaseat   can not be shaken, can not be broken, Mara can not sabotage. ( Aparajita : can not be shaken, can not always break the.

When Mara (Mara) to challenge and harass,  Bodhisattva  immediately put his right hand touched the earth and the earth shouted proof  30 Legal Perfection  ( Balaam density ) of people. Immediately, the earth cried, shook ,   and dispersed the Mara and Mara's army.

Then, eight people quiet and clean, in a soup, The certification achieved (1) Tri Luc Know the Past , as remember, know the past life behind her and others,  in terms of  time  too past, present, future. (Pinyin read: ' Túc Mạng Minh' ).  

On the second, in the middle of the night, he attained. (2)  Vision View Past, Present & Future ,  as clearly seen in his past lives and others,  in space . (Pinyin read:  'Thien Sun Minh' ).

And finally, in the third watch, the attainer (3) The  Cause of the Cause & the Path to the End of Birth ,  no more pollution and impurities, no more 'falling', into the mortal world . (The Vietnamese read: 'Luu Minh Thuc' ) -  (See also Vo Van Uu, Volume I of Thich Thanh Tu).

☼ A  Buddha College District, Enlightenment  (Samma-sambuddho) appeared on earth on the day of the month Wesak Full Moon in 588 BC . 

1.3 Historical Background  ^{(9), (27)}

Bodhgaya  is the ultimate enlightenment of the Buddha, the most  sacred place on earth for all Buddhas. During the time of the Buddha's existence , the site was located on the banks of the  Neranjara  (Ni-Boat), called  Uruvela . King Asoka was the first to build a temple in this holy place. A portrait of King Asoka Temple building and other premises in the area dduocj building  Bodhgaya  was found in a bas-relief on the said  tower  Bharhut  Stupa  in Madhya, Pradesh. Beginning with the first visit by Asoka in 259 BC, countless pilgrims continued to visit  the cradle. This is Buddhism for 1,500 years. Then, the time of these relics destroyed by the Muslim army in the 13th century was the interruption of the pilgrimage to Bodhgaya.  Dharmasvamin , a Tibetan pilgrim, visited Bodhgaya in 1234 AD. He witnessed the ruins of this place and recorded as follows:

" Only four monks remained (in the temple). One monk said, 'It's not good.' All ran in horror at Turushka's army. They (the monks) sealed the gate in front of Mahabodhi Tower with brick and mortar. Nearby, they built another to replace it. "

When Buddhism descended in India, the Burmans came to save the Mahabodhi Tower from their destructive hand. They repaired the Mahabodhi Tower at least three times between the 14th and 15th centuries. The last repairs were in the years 1472-1492.

Since then, Bodh Gaya has been forgotten and the Mahabodhi Tower is increasingly deserted. With favorable conditions of location, Gosain Giri, a Hindu ascetic, built a Hindu temple in Bodh Gaya in 1590. The presence of the temple made the Bodhisattva It falls into the hands of the Mahants of the Hindu who are not Buddhists and the non-Buddhist period begins.

Fifty years later, in 1861, Cunningham met the Mahants of the Hindu church and the followers organized non-Buddhist rituals at the Mahabodhi Temple. Furthermore, although the organization claims that the Mahabodhi Tower and the surrounding area are theirs, they have never repaired the tower. He ( Sir) Edwin Arnold , author of 'Light of Asia' visited the Mahabodhi Bodhi Tower University in 1885 and has posted these rituals recounted in the newspaper  Daily Telegraph in London are as follows:

"The Buddhist world has, in fact, forgotten this most sacred and most interesting point - it is a Mecca, a Jerusalem, of all the Eastern Churches, when I left the Buddhagaya. Dao Tràng) several years ago. I feel grateful to see the Maharatta farmers in 'Sharaddh (or Shrada)' there, and thousands of precious stone carvings in Sanskrit are piled up around them. "

Note :  Shrada is the last Hindu custom, when ceremonies, mantras and verses are recited for the dead, with the belief that it will free the soul from the world and will be reborn in it. heavenly

Bhikkhuni Dharmapala &  Great Maha Bodhi  ^{(5), (23)}

The struggle to regain control and control of the Bodhi Tower by Buddhists began on January 22, 1891, after Bhikkhu  Anagarika Dharmapala  from Sri Lanka visited Bodhgaya. Seeing this sacred sanctuary being forgotten and offended, he expressed his wish:  "I will work to make this sacred shrine to be taken care of by our bhikkhus . "

In the first step, he founded  the  Maha Bodhi Society in Bodh Gaya on May 31, 1891 to mobilize support for his noble cause. Later, he invited the monks from Sri Lanka to stay in Bodh Gaya, including:  Chandajoti ,  Sumangala ,  Pemmananda  and  Sudassana . They came to Bodh Gaya in July, 1891 and came to stay at the Burmese Guest House. When the Mahant, the man who governs the Mahabodhi Temple, is taking possession of Bodhgaya Bodhgaya, he refuses to accept the presence of the Bhikkhus Buddhism, and in February, 1893, two monks were severely beaten by his men  . Two years later, in 1895, when Anagarika Dharmapala was attempting to attach a picture of the Buddha to the upper level of the Tower, he was attacked  and  stopped by Mahant's men  . So he had to bring the picture to the Burmese guest house. Mahant Hindu and those Hindu groups still refuse and they tried to push the Buddha image out of the Burmese House, but the government intervened. In 1906, Mahant filed a lawsuit seeking to  expel the Bhikkhus  out of the Burmese House. And this legal struggle between the Hindu Mahant and the Buddhist monks continued until 1949, when the Bihar government issued the Tower Management Act, the management of the Buddha Gaya. transferred to Management Board  of the government. There are two objections to the Act, namely, the 9-member Management Committee, in which the majority must be Hindus, and other members of the Committee must be Indians. Although the Great Synagogue has objected, the bill was passed with the amendment that the Advisory Board must be a majority of Buddhists and not necessarily an Indian. This means: Buddhists can only advise the Management Committee, but the final decision still belongs to the management of the Hindus.

For the Maha Bodhi Society, it is like a sophistry, when the Mahabodhi Temple  is managed by non-Buddhists,  imagine What if a mosque, a Catholic church, a 'Sikh gurdwara' or a Hindu temple were controlled by other religious people? In his article " The Prodigal Still On " in Sambodhi, 1996, Maharaja Pannarama Mahathera, the now-defunct Mahayana Bhikkhu, revealed an ironic truth. Even the Advisory Board was supposed to consist mostly of Buddhists, but there were only eleven, while  non-Buddhists accounted for 14 people. It is time to replace those non-Buddhists by the majority of Buddhists, as the law was originally promulgated. These vows of the bhikkhus have not been met until today.

1.5 Points to Visit  ^{(26), (27), (31), (32)}

1) Great Bodhi Tower or Tower Great Gi evil  (Mahabodhi Temple)

Bo-De Tower has a long history. Excavations by Sir Cunningham in 1872 show that there are  three stages of the tower's construction.

The first phase, built by King Asoka in the third century BC, is called  theBodhi Shrine, as illustrated in the reliefs mounted on the Bharhut Stupa Tower   in the 2nd century BCE.

The second phase is the restoration of the Bodhi Shrine, which was performed by two devout Buddhists,  Surangi  and  Nagadevi , the wives of the SungaDynasty  .

The third phase is a reconstruction by  Huviska , the king of  Kusana  in the 2nd century AD. Buddha images come from this stage. The temples were built to set these figures. Mr. Cunningham said that the entire Mahabodhi  Temple , as seen today, is chiefly the work of King  Huviska (111-138 BC). Since the tower was rebuilt on the original base of the tower base Asoka, should  the Court Vajra  ( Vajrasana Throne), the position of meditation and the Enlightenment of the Buddha, remain the same as the original. In the 7th century, restoration was carried out and additional plaques were built in the old courtyard of plaster. In the 19th century, a major renovation was conducted, under the supervision of Cunningham ,  Beglar  and  R specialists  . L . Mitra , restore the Bodhi Tower, after centuries of destruction by the Muslims and the neglect of the pagan Mahant. The splendor that we see today is the result of  pious devotion and  rare contributions .

The Mahabodhi Temple is of course a magnificent and outstanding work in the Bodhgaya (Bodh Gaya) area. High  52m , with total area of the foundation of the square is  231 m2 , each side square is  15.2 m2  (50 feet), including  a large tower  shaped pyramid and  4 small towers  located in the four corners, is the  model shrink  the large tower. ( H ình  9 ). The main gate facing east, in front of the gate is a stone gate made by King Asoka, carved very sophisticated. The gaps between the two sides of the stupa are carved Buddha images. Grand Chancery ( Sanctum) on the ground floor after passing through an   arched arcade, on  either side  a stone staircase leading to a smaller shrine located on the first floor. Immediately after entering the Great Hall, we will meet immediately a gold Buddha statue in sitting position with the right hand ground (bhumi phassa-mudra) on the day of Enlightenment.

Just watch the magnificent Buddha statues, the hearts of the pilgrims will certainly arise  joy  and  respect !. It is the result of  the pilgrims' faith  and  devotion  to the  practice of the Buddha's advice that they  should "visit and worship with respect . "   

Gold-plated Buddha statue made in  the 10th century  AD. Here, the Buddha is depicted in a sitting position on the (pads)  cushions , instead of on a lotus. The instrument was placed on a larger, thicker pedestal, on a thicker wall that carved lions, elephants. The sitting position on the coordinates is a common feature found in many other Buddha images in East India, which can be made in the style of this statue. Many people did not know that this statue was not placed here in the archaeological sites around the Buddhagaya area by the British colonial government at that time. According to an article on "The Bodhisattva Statues in Sambodhi, 1993"  (Buddhagaya Sculptures in the Sambodhi, 1993)Rit Mitra noted that the statue was placed in  the area of ​​Mahant. Then at the request of  Cunningham  and  Beglar , archaeologists who carried out the restoration, as mentioned above, the statue was moved to its present location in the Great Hall . Thanks to the merits and interventions of these two venerable monks, the statue was placed in the right place at the right side for the later pilgrims to worship, instead of being forgotten in the past. the area of ​​Hindu Mahant.

2) Bodhidruma

Tree  Bodhi  ( Bodhi ), where the Buddha sat beneath and attain supreme enlightenment, standing behind the Great Bodhi Tower. It is a Bat-La (  Ficus religiosa) family, Pali is called " assattha ", meaning peace.

Legend says that this tree grows at the same time as the birth of the Buddha, as a kind of sahajata - (English:  co-natal ). According to many commentaries, many different Buddhas also enlightened when sitting under a tree, any tree that the Buddha chose, and each tree becomes a Bodhi tree  , ie, Enlightenment tree in the realm. of that Buddha. In this realm, the Bat-La tree becomes the Tree of  Enlightenment  or the Bodhi Tree and only the  Bodhi Tree  of the Buddha Gotama is revered. Monuments  Bodhi tree  is symbolic same for all Buddhas. It is believed that no place in this world can  support the  majesty of Buddha's Awakening. Ground here very sure ,  not shaken ,  moved  even when the earth shook the earth to repel Mara and his army come to challenging, disruptive to make you  Bodhisattva  must leave  the seat of  Enlightenment. Even  Sakka Devaraja  could not fly over the Bodhi Tree. The supernatural attraction in that place is called the center point or the center Earth's navel.

In ancient times the kings and ordinary people came to this place to worship the Bodhi Tree. As the Bodhi  Tree  became the object of glorification of the Buddhists, nature naturally became a target of destruction by the enemies of Buddhism. According to Hsuan - Tsang,  the first Bodhi Tree  was cut down by  King Asoka,  but later, the King regretted, fertilizing the  Bodhi Tree  by watering the scented water and fresh milk into the roots. The king expressed deep devotion to the Bodhi tree, so that a royal emperor at that time of the king  Tissarakkha , became jealous of the  Bodhi Tree and let the sneaky destroy the tree. The King continues to revive the tree. Later, the King built a 3m high wall around the tree for protection. After the fall of the Maurya dynasty in the 2nd century BC, the Sunga dynasty ruler,  Pusyamitra,  was a Buddhist torturer, destroying the  Bodhi Tree . But a seed of the original  Bodhi Tree  was brought back from Sri Lanka, and planted right there. In the 6th century AD,  Sasanka , a Hindu king, cut down the  Bodhi tree ,  but later a seedling of the  Bodhi Tree  was brought back from Sri Lanka and replanted by King  Purvavarma Magadha Water, and he also built a 7.3m high wall to the  Bodhi Tree  . This wall is only 6.1m when Huyen Trang visited in history.

In 1876, the  tree  fell apart in a storm and a seedling of the  Bodhi tree  was planted in the same place by Mr.  Cunningham .  Up to now,  Bodhi Tree  has been 135 years old.

3) Vajrasana Tower

The Vajrasana Tower is located between the Bodhi  Tree  and the Mahabodhi Tower. This marks the authenticity of the seat of the Buddha at the height of Enlightenment. Currently, this site is rated  seal by  a sandstone boulder 2.3m long, 1.3m wide and 0.9m thick ( H ình  10 ). The pilgrims coming to this favorable point of time should take the time to contemplate the deeds of the Buddha in order to grow in full  confidence  and  peace  through  mindfulness in  order to develop wisdom. close.

4) The Buddha stayed 7 places after Enlightenment

After enlightenment became Buddha on the full moon night Wesak, to dawn, the Buddha whispered a happy song, joyful fullness. He decided to continue to sit on the Vajrasana Tower, unbeaten and victorious seat before the war with Mara and he had fulfilled all previous wishes, including the vow to become a Buddha. It is the time of the whole world, remembered even today. And then, the Buddha hung fast for seven weeks and stayed under and around the area near the  Bodhi Tree .

(i) First Week: The Buddha  sitting on the Vajrayana (Pallanka Sattaha)

During the first seven days of the first week, the Buddha sat still, experiencing the Joy of Deliverance. After 7 days, out of the peace and contemplation of  interdependent  (Paticca samuppāda) during one night.

(ii) Second Week: The Buddha Watching the Tree (Bodhi Tree) (Animisa Sattaha)

In the second week, to gratitude deeply for Bodhi tree had sheltered him during meditation to the director, he stood attentively watching the Bodhi tree for a week without Blink of an eye ( Animisalocana ). Later, it was here that King Asoka erected a memorial tower called  Animisalocana Cetiva and is still present. ( H ình  11 ).

(iii) Third Day: The Buddha went to Meditation (Cankama Sattaha)

During the third week, the Buddha went up and down the path near the Bodhi tree, which was later called the " Jade Jewel Road  " ( Ratana Cankamana ). ( H ình  12 ).

(iv) Week Four: The Buddha in the Palace (Ratanaghara Sattaha)

In the fourth week, the Buddha meditated in the void , known as  the "Ratanaghara" (  meaning the cherubic room, in the sense of "precious room") to meditate on the  Abhidhamma ( Abhidhamma, the philosophy of the Absolute Truths, is ultimately related to the category of mind and matter (mind and matter). While Buddha contemplating the profound philosophy and magic is treatise on Interdependent ( Patthana , English: Conditional Relations), The joy and arise  joy is great in omniscient mind cvuaR him, do  luminescent color within the body , scriptures noted that, mind and body the glowing  halo six colors - blue, yellow, white, red, pink, and red light. Interior storage location of these are marked with a Power Tower, the front there is a stele with inscription to where the Buddha sat and meditated on the theory  of Dependent Origination ( Patthana ). This tower is also located within the Mahabodhi Tower, just north of the Cankama Road. ( H ình  13 ).

v) Fifth Week: Ajapala Buddha Sitting Under Ajapala Tree Banyan Nigrodha (Ajapala Sattaha)

In the fifth week, the Buddha sits under Ajapala Banyan to meditate on the Dhamma and instill the happiness of liberation. (Ajapala means "goat's place." The Banyan tree is a banyan tree, where the goat shepherds in the area usually sit while they are resting for their goats.) At the end of the week, as he emerged from that supernatural state, a brave Huhumka Jakita approached him and asked him "in what respect and what conditions can he Become a saint (Brahmana)? " The Buddha answered and pointed out the qualities of a true Brahmin. The site is marked by a stone tablet on the concrete column, engraved with notes to commemorate. ( H ình  14 ).

Week Six: The Buddha Sitting Under the Mucalinda Tree (Mucalinda Sattaha)

In the sixth week, the Buddha came to sit under the tree of  Mucalinda , named after the Sultanate (  Barringtonia acutangula).  At that time,  thunderstorms, cold winds  lasted seven days. Legend has it that Mucalinda, the Snake King, came up from the lake, wrapped his body around the Buddha, and covered the Buddha's head with a large beak to protect him. The site of the monument is also Ao Mucalinda (Ao Tam Ca Xua Vuong) today, in the south and near the Mahabodhi Tower. ( H ình  15 ).

vii) Week Seven: Buddha sitting under the tree Rajayatana (Rajayatana Sattaha)

In the seventh week, the Buddha sat under the tree of  Rajayatana ( Buchanania latifolia ) near Mahabodhi Temple. At that time there were two merchants named  Tapussa and  Bhallika from Ukkala (Orissa) offering offerings of rice glutinous rice and honey. Buddha meal after meal finished, two people bow at his feet and begged for refuge in  the Buddha  and  the Dhamma  of him. They become lay Buddhists  First , take refuge in Buddha  & France ( II Security ) . After that, the Buddha put his hands on his head and took  8 strands of hair    to donate to the first 2 Buddhists. Later, the two brothers returned to Burma with that precious haircut, which was later placed in the  Shwedagon Pagoda  in Yangon. This monumental site, south of the Mahabodhi Tower, is marked by a stone inscription on the concrete column, engraved in memorial. ( H ình  16 ).

5) Your House Sujata Kuti

Before Enlightenment, the  Bodhisatta  was near the  Neranjara  (Ni-Boat) in the Dungeswari cave .  This cave is on a hill called  Dhongra Hill , about an hour's walk from Bodh Gaya. After spending six years practicing ascetic painfully and in vain, He decided to follow the Middle Way and start toward  the Uruvela Forest near the village of  Senanigama , where we can see the area. relics ' House of the c cell Sujata ', located on a small strip. In the village, we can also visit a  shrine , under the shadow of a Banyan tree, including statues depicting  Sujata Offering rice milk porridge for the  Bodhisattva  on the day before night Enlightenment Buddha. ( H ình  19 ).

6) Uruvela Forest

The area, formerly a forest, is now a shrub area, near the shrine of Sujata. Here, we can see a monument built with a shallow well. ( H ình  20 ). This place is believed to be the 'fire pit' of the three  Kassapa Ca Jade goddesses, the Jalita buns of fire gods with up to  1,000 disciples . Here, the Buddha also had a serpent, hidden in the fire pit. The acquisition of Kassapa  Uruvela (Kassapa )  has taken more time. The Buddha had to use new powers to persuade and transform the  Jalita into  fire gods. After Uruvela Kassapa (Hán Việt read: Uu-long-frequency-Ca-lettuce) became a disciple of the Buddha, two brothers,  Nadi and Gaya , along with their followers, also followed. After listening to the Buddha preaching  the Fire , a thousand new monks have been taught in the Sangha has become Arahants.

7) Pragbodhi, where Bodhisattva  practiced Tu Khanh  Hanh for 6 years

Before the Enlightenment,  the Bodhisattva  was in the river right bank Neranjara (Ni Contact Kien) in a forest near Pragbodhi , front hill Bodhi  (Bodhi) . Legend has it that people live in a small cave called  Dungeswari , horizontally sloping to the top of the hill. After practicing the ascetic practice for 6 years, he decided to follow the Middle Way, and came to the Uruvela Forest near the village of Senanigama, the village of Bakraur today. We climb a steep slope leading to a small temple called Dungeswari Cave Temple, which is  supervised  by Tibetan monks. Inside  the cave Dungeswari, ( H ình  18 ), there is a statue of  Bodhisattva With body only bone, after 6 years of ascetic body. Hill Pragbodhi (lots of ruins on but small mountain, it is called the hill) today called  hill Dhongra , ( H ình  17 ), a village northeast about 1 mile (1.6 km), Distance About 30 minutes drive to Rajgir.

8) The Temple & Monastery in Bodhgaya  ( Bodhi Gaya )

Bodhgaya is the cradle of Buddhism. The  area covers about 15 square kilometers, but in this small area there are 30 monasteries and institutions representing many Buddhist countries in the world, in a small Buddhist community here. A visit to the temples here  will help us understand how  Buddhism is practiced in different countries, according to their local culture, but in keeping with the Dharma. There is also a  VipassanaMeditation Center , such as the Burmese  Vihara and  the International Meditation Center.. The lists of names, temples, pagodas, Buddhist monasteries and Buddhist establishments are listed in the Buddhist Mahogany Meditation Program in alphabetical order as follows:

Sangha All India (All India Bhikkhu Sangha), the  Cultural Center of Buddhism in Asia  (Asian Buddhist Culture Center), Chua Bangladesh (Bangladesh Temple), Management Bodhi Gaya (Buddhagaya Temple Management Committee), Temple Burmese Vihara, Chinese Temple, Japanese Buddhist Temple The Dhamma Bodhi Meditation Center, the Drikyug Charitable Trust, the Druk Nawag Thupten Choeling, the Indosan Nipponjee Japanese Temple, the Meditation Center, International Temple Meditation Center, Jambunad Vihar Temple, Karma Temple, Korean Temple, Maha Bodhi Society, Maitreya Project, Nav Bauddha Vihar, Panch Sheela Vihar, The Root Institute for Wisdom Culture, the Royal Bhutan Temple, the Sakya Monastery, the Sambodhi Welfare and Cultural Society, , Shechen Monastery, Taiwan Temple, Tamang Temple Nepal, Thai Bharat Society, Bodhi Kam,Tibetan Temple, Trailokya Center, Wat Nam Quoc Temple and Wat Thai.END=NAM MO BON SU THICH CA MAU NI PHAT.( 3 LAN ).TINH THAT KIM LIEN.THICH NU CHAN TANH.GIAC TAM.AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.4/10/2017.