VIEWPOINTS OF BUDDHISM
ON killing and war.
ON killing and war.
Love and respect for all life
is what the Buddha always emphasizes
is what the Buddha always emphasizes
I. Factors that are needed and sufficient to judge an act of killing
According to opinion of Buddhagosa ( Buddhaghosa or invented ), the largest commentaries of Buddhist Venerable Ministry , wanted to assess the degree evil of the act of killing should rely on five factors :
1. Object: People , inhuman , animal inferiority or animals higher.
2. Volition : action is accompanied by awareness , consciousness , may think prudent and have purpose .
3. Awareness : Identify the species that you kill.
4. Effort : Any form that leads to death.
5. Result: Man dies due to his actions.
2. Volition : action is accompanied by awareness , consciousness , may think prudent and have purpose .
3. Awareness : Identify the species that you kill.
4. Effort : Any form that leads to death.
5. Result: Man dies due to his actions.
Criteria to be applied for by judging the extent guilty of rows monks or monks-ni, especially the four key gender: sex, religion, close, disappointed. However , we can apply it broadly to evaluate all good or bad deeds in today's society . It should be here, at the discretion of the writer just four elements is enough, do not need weak third factor, because the elements that belong to the elements Monday. Venerable Thanissaro in work The Buddhist Monastic Code [i] also agree standpoint this. Because if you do not recognize who you kill who, how to call "volition" is? Therefore, we only present four elements .
1. Object
Since the object is to kill different, should lead to different offenses: for example, a monks kill a living being is not human as a Yakshis (Yakkha), a Naga, a kind of demon (peta ), even a deva (davata) is guilty of Thau-lan-price, not guilty Ba-la-di (Parajika).
The monks deliberately kill an animal is considered guilty of Babylon set to (Pacittiya, presented 61) not being committed Balaam cell.
In the Kinh there is a case : a monk digging holes to trap people or animals, but if trapped animals die, he only offenses Pacittiya (Pacittiya), if the fall Into that die, he sinned Bala.
If the monks deliberately deprived lives of people whether they are "abortion" as by the operating arrangements, provide medicines, encouraging guide abortion are guilty of Balaam cell.
If the object is to kill harmful as parents , is the level Arhat or saint others take offense extremely heavy, heavier than three-la-di, after the dissolution of the body corporate networks , because now evil way feel instant Go into the realms of suffering as the inferno hell .
2. Action
This is the most important of the five elements . Because "volition" (cetanā) is decided with use center , has consciously and purposefully ". Buddha said, "the monks, the intention is now" (Cetanaaha "m bhikkhave kamma" m vadaami).
Therefore, the same action, the same result, but different intentions, resulting in different karmic results . For example, a home builder accidentally drops things down, which can lead to death . In such a case, do not condemn him as a murderer. A driver, the car was broken, accidentally killed dozens of people. As a result, but can not condemn the driver is murder!
In Vinaya recorded story a taste for trade training contract his that introducedthe drug to drink, but unfortunately both are not known pharmacology of the drug was and condition, so after emptying, the patient died. This can not condemn the other as a murderer.
In the case of not intentionally killing, only to injure or pain , but not expecting the result leading to death, then only guilty of Pacittiya.
3. Effort
"Effort" is not only for the will to kill, but to the will which was expressed through action, language . The Samantapàsàdikà listed six possible ways to end the life of a living being . These are: (i) the hand he killed, (ii) incites others killed, (iii) the types of weapons such as name, ammo, (iv) use tricks (such as trap or poison) (V) magic or mysterious power . In general, indirect or direct murder of a person is a crime committed.
Samanta Pāsàdika said that a monk instigated people that a robbery was in place at a certain place, if anyone cut off the head of the robber was honored , much gold and silver , etc. If the bandit was killed by the instigation of the monk, then the monk was also baptized . In general, when the life expectancy of human beings is not over yet, but by some malicious way causing the other person to die, they are guilty of baldness. In Vinita Vatthu [iii] record the stories a crime was government hands, tight legs, live in misery . A monk told his relative : Do you want him to die soon ? If you want to give him poison, then they do. If so, the monk committed the Bala-di.
Talking about the causes leading to the deaths , the countless , especially during the war, countless tricks to be done to achieve the goal of "victory" of his. Therefore, any means are used intentional murder, the person performing them guilty of killing both.
4. Results
Once you have deliberately tried to close, know the subject is close to human , using many tricks , wits to kill, but different results, the impeachment is different.
If there is a monks guilty of murder premeditated , so he committed Balaam move, but if another object does not die immediately, but painful , slow death have not committed? Sure it is! However , if the other person does not die, only to be hurt in health , to bodybuilding , then the other person does not commit a Bala-dian, but only the Thullaccaya. If tried to mind, but do not make the person died or pain whatever sin break-out-la (dukkata).
These four factors are indispensable conditions for determining the degree of sin "killing". These principles have been Buddhagosa and Venerable Thanissaro deploy broad, especially in the world's key customers monks and monks-ni.
II. Levels of birth
Killing in particular or do the evil in general, there are clues to contact intimately with the intention and and level of understanding of litigants. Therefore, in order to assess the extent of an act of killing , it is necessary to divide it into several levels for ease of assessment . According to Dr. Peter Harvey, about Monitoring can be divided into 5 levels, the sum as follows: (1) act without volition , do harm to insects; (2) Know that action is evil, but not control are as immoral is controlled; (3) An act of immorality , but it is not clear who the object is; (4) An action immoral when volition , know what you're doing and know that action is immoral ; (5) An action immoral intentional , knowing what you're doing, but do not realize that actions wrong . [Iv]
According to the writer, the order of light to heavy must be rearranged as follows: (1) action without intention , damage to insects; (2) An act of immorality , but not knowing who the object is; Knowing that action is evil, but uncontrolled , because akusala cittas are controlling; (4) An action immoral when volition , know what you're doing and know that action is immoral ; (5) An action immoral intentional , knowing what you're doing, but do not realize that actions wrong . In the arrangement of the writer,
1. Action does not intentionally , harming insects
In life relatively to this, we go back, do work so avoid the stampede, killing insects, or insects. Although monks monks are warning is to pay attention to his every step to avoid stepping on insects, worms, and could not get out of an absolute . For example, when using lights, special kinds of oil lamps in some temples countryside ephemera headlong into the fire itself. Hoes woodland, flower care, shifting cultivation, crushing and road construction , etc ... as in the countryside pagoda Vietnam ,
In the case of compulsion as above or in the case of the mind of an abnormal, crazy, insane person, he is not convicted of "ballet".
2. An action immoral , but do not know their subjects killed
For example, some hunters just hang around, do not expect to kill people, or when hunting, intentionally kill animals rather than kill people, but the result is "kill people." In cases like this, the other person can not be killed by mistake who was convicted of "murder" was. Also similar to the position left home , depending on the case that treatment therapy .
Knowing that action is evil, but not controlled , because the akusala cittacontrol
Cases when people murdered known work of his injury to another person, is violating ethical society , etc ... but can not do all the instinctual impulses as greed , hatred is the protocol the data Flushed in the mind. Have done and then go to jail is also, still readable is dead rotten hell also committed heart, etc ... The class people impatient temporary , no time to think mature , so venial sin than do something that I know very well that action is cruel , But still carry on to avenge something. This type of person, though outside, seems a little evil, but in fact they do not have the evil mind as deep as the next two levels.
4. An action immoral when volition , know what you're doing and know that action is immoral
This case can also go in the right direction or bad direction. If you already know it's bad deeds and bring bad results and still do, proves humans have the stance that views independently , with bravery, but difficult to progress in terms of moral and spiritual wealth The same . However , they can also progress , having realized that acting is bad, could bring karma bad for her, so the mind remorse may appear .
5. An action immoral intentional , knowing what you're doing, but do not realize that actions wrong
This case is arguably the worst since it is associated with ignorance . Although normally we easily come to the conclusion that this action was innocent, because they do not know it, but an act of evil , thought that it was true. Like a murderer they do not know if that action will result in life imprisonment or execution, because they do not know the law !
The Na-bhikkhu [v] mentions that the wise man does less evil than the fool. Lord Na'An gives the wallet as if they were holding a burning firewood, people who do not know it hot will burn more than people who know how hot it is. Because the wise, when they committed a mistake , may arise heart remorse , repentance remorse , or do the good deeds to offset , even a fool does not know that is a crime, so do forever, and now evil doing several conditions for workers, that is absorbed from evil and take retribution suffering endless!
Buddha reconciliation paintings disputed water source Rohini River
(now Rowai) between Sakya clan and Koliya
(now Rowai) between Sakya clan and Koliya
III. Buddhism and War
1. Buddhist view of war
Generally speaking, Buddhism does not accept receiving war in any form , whether it is war under nominal nothing. Because war is synonymous with crime , it is to plant poverty , sickness and hunger for both the war and the war. Never seen a certain period sutras in Buddhism praised raiding each other, whether it is hit with nominally "pro-poor at risk" or nominal "national protection". As we have seen, it is the lineage of the Buddha that is almost genocide , So the Buddha did not use magic to defeat the enemy , save the tribe! When King Bhikkhu-sol's army invaded Cilicia in order to avenge his humiliating debt, the Buddha had three sun-shining days at the border to promote King Bhikkhu- Cup as well as to block the progress of the army of bhikkhu-warriors. But the result is? Unsuccessful! King Bhikkhu-ly has made the Shakha line . Set case us , maybe we thought we must have the task of protecting Jiang san, social rules, dislodge the enemy , etc .. and cited many as reasons to justify his actions. But the Buddha is different, with the Buddha'sname He knows clearly where the human, where is the charm of that war. He also criticized the brahmins have received the testimonial offerings, but also discuss the war ( Sutra Brahma , No. 1, School of Ministry of the Sutra ). Again, in the Bhikkhu Proclamation (No. 48 of the Tripitaka), no military exercises are allowed. Thereby, we find that the attitude of the Buddha , unlike the other teachers , did not concern himself with the matter. Say so, does not mean that the whole life Buddha did not have to face up to the problem of politics, crime , war. Please give two examples . Once, the Sakya clan and the Koliya clan areabout to fight for the waterfall . He noticed predestined He could have turned the being, He had personally to resolve , finally the two sides reconciled and use common water line [vi]. In the second case , when Ajatasattu wanted to set foot on Vajjì, immediately sent lords Vassakara (Vu-amnesty) to sometimes question the Buddha , the Buddha did not answer directly, but asked Venerable Ananda (Ananda) about traditional good of the people which served have been keeping it? By this, Vassakra had understood the weakness of the Buddha . (Mahayana Bowl Nirvana, No. 16, of the Ministry ) just ask Venerable Ananda (Ananda) about traditional good of which served residents have kept it? By this, Vassakra had understood the weakness of the Buddha . (Mahayana Bowl Nirvana, No. 16, of the Ministry ) just ask Venerable Ananda (Ananda) about traditional good of which served residents have kept it? By this, Vassakra had understood the weakness of the Buddha . (Mahayana Bowl Nirvana, No. 16, of the Ministry )
Back problems that many people often ask the question: Where the crusade of Christian and Muslim medieval and modern , the crusade invaders colony of Islam in Central Asia and West Asia , Or the invasions of Christian empires to open the kingdom, are they guilty? Because they think they do for God, they do not do it themselves , so they are willing to sacrifice themselves. According to the teachings of the Buddha , sow the evil person , reap evil fruit . Consequently, they are forever war-torn by the military, killing each other, injustice,
2. The view of Buddhism about "patriotism"
There are some cases of forced murder, called "necessary evil," such as killing an enemy to preserve a nation , what kind of action is taken? They are so patriotic that are willing to sacrifice themselves, to protect them is an act of evil stars? They can be people of honesty , morality , love the motherland, love the country, love the nation, they sacrifice for the cause of liberation of the nation, to assign them as those evil people , then you probably do not equal! They killed as many as the government awarded the medal so much, What is the point of Buddhism ? According to Buddhism , there are many levels to our assessment that action is good or evil. Not necessary to kill more enemy action is worthy of praise praise, or would not shirk the task his laudable action. It all depends on the person's mind for evaluation . Because the game to beat the enemy , in order to preserve national , but mind different results in karma different. A person who performs an action for the sake of the person is far from a man to satisfy his own repugnance. How many people can not kill the enemy when the enemy is losing, pain. Also know how many people satisfied , pleasure when the enemy is suffering, torture! It is these thoughts that underlive us to evaluate the same action that results in the same or the same result. Also know how many people satisfied , pleasure when the enemy is suffering, torture! It is these thoughts that underlive us to evaluate the same action that results in the same or the same result. Also know how many people satisfied , pleasure when the enemy is suffering, torture! It is these thoughts that underlive us to evaluate the same action that results in the same or the same result.
Again, killing people has to pay off, which is the law of almost every country . Also cases of murder to be rewarded, that is kill the mafia bosses, the notorious robber, it is also encouraged by all countries . If we only consider the action, without consideration of the purpose , the engine then he Commissioners Depreciation few ancient times , now the Committee of Justice will be the most murderous. Since nearly every day they have to use many methods to torture , such as beating, torturing the sinners . Even have to kill off, so they are guilty of killing or what? No, everyone has each task separately, one a judgment according to the law quibble , contribute to building society is peace , is state regulation, is very blessed. Soldiers who do, wholeheartedly defend the frontier territory of the country is also blessed. This is the moral duty of one who is obliged to fulfill . Contributing to create a society that is peaceful , harmonious, very blessed. Soldiers, with their wholehearted protection of national borders , are blessed. This is the moral duty of one who is obliged to fulfill . Contributing to create a society that is peaceful , harmonious, very blessed. Soldiers, with theirwholehearted protection of national borders , are blessed. This is the moral dutyof one who is obliged to fulfill .
Say so, does not mean that we encourage war to destroy the name of terrorism , or destroy the mafia bosses. As mentioned above war is synonymous with crime , although we performed a war with a purpose well for some, but not how to avoid injury to innocent children, children's absent father, Wives are separated from their husbands, and mothers will be permanently disabled . After the fire of war, the remnants of disabilities, hunger and disease, etc. say can not be exhausted!
3. Some cases of killing when the Buddha is still practicing Bodhisattva
University Media Buddha Bao An Economics (156) in Dai Tan Tu Chanh Tripitaka has presented the story precursor of Buddha . This story may be one of the proofs appropriate for this case . In the old days when the Buddha was still in the process of training , he was forced to kill a detective for 500 robbers to prevent the attack of 500 robbers, although the spy Used to be his friend.
Another story is mentioned in Supreme Master Ching Hai's Got Talent (No. 345). At that time, the Buddha was still practicing Bodhisattva, he was the captain of the merchant delegation 500 people killed a name. General robbed to save the 500 traders . He thought that if he killed a bandit he would go to hell , he was also willing, because it was even better for them to kill so many people! In fact , after the general collapse , he was reborn in the divine realm . Later he became a Buddha also bear fruit retribution ,
4. History of some Buddhist countries with war
Case for the survival of the nation , but about Monitoring can be considered mild. Where this can get typical in Vietnam in the twelfth century, the Tran three strategic victory took the Mongol illustrious , majestic under the leadership genius of the medium are Buddhists just as those in destiny Country . If we keep standing pat clinging the People Vietnam might have been the horses and Mongolian trampled, then, is not necessarily a country with independent today. Where such person holding the destiny country must put great nation to the forefront, taking the task of leading countries placed on morality itself . Therefore, to save people from the yoke of invasion , domination is merit , not sin . If we compare the battles of the Vietnam formerly with the US fighting in Afghanistan and then, Surely the number of people killed in China and Vietnam at that time more than countless times the number of people killed . Buddhism does not condemn these battles so, nor praise , but believes there is karmic repayment many lives many lives.
In the eleventh century, under the reign of King Langdarma, Tibetan Buddhism was critically endangered . The king because listen to detractors of four directors, ordered to destroy Buddhism , breaking the temple, killing Rising. More than two years later, a lama named Palgyi Dorjé sneaked into the palace to assassinate the king and escaped. Thus Buddhism is not completely destroyed . So, the killer of the king has destroyed the Buddha, whether the monks have committed suicide or not? According causality usually easy to come to the conclusion that yes, but not necessarily, because the engine of the monks there's not murder because the concomitants immoral as greed kills, hatred , kills, does not satisfy that kill, but kills only because motor protect truth, protect life Spirituality for everyone . Causal complex same identical , not simply as "sow what you reap", so the monks did not necessarily fall into the realm of suffering as usual we say. We can believe the story the Buddha in the past has killed a robber to save 500 traders , not therefore fall into the realm of evil, the opposite is born to the gods , but the balance now is not Avoiding , until the formation of the Chief of the Enlightenment , but also hunched sharp thorns. Where the other monk too, if the Dharma persists in the human world or for the security of the nation, but forced to kill some people too evil ,
Again, the story of him Gunavarman (Bridge-na-canvas-ma), about fifth century when the missionaries in the Java, Indonesia today is also a documented good for us to learn . Then Java was raiding neighboring king, the king asked Venerable Gunavarman should fight not, for fear that it contrary to the precepts of Buddhism? The venerable Gunavarman has answered the king should perform the task themselves, but end up practicing compassion mercy all species, are reluctant to use this book down [vii].
In short , Buddhism does not advocate killing in the pursuit of happiness for themselves as well as the interests of a group or for their people. However , in case of need to protect the nation, protect the truth is the form of violence with goodwill is allowed , but just the solution temporarily , rather than the solution optimization. Buddhism is a religion that respects the lives of all sentient beings , not just humans . Therefore, any form of any such self- yourself killed, or tell others to kill, or kill by falls fun, are not acceptable for a Buddhist .
This earth is green or not, humanity is happy , depends greatly on each person. Within mortal endless , countless ones we now become relatives or sisters, even that two frontline standing in opposition . War is the culmination of hatred, contradiction , killing , scramble for property , etc. This is an accumulation of crime and violence. Therefore, every Buddhist we should be vegetarian , harmony, living together, loving others is the cause of peace, It provides a source of joy and prosperity for everyone and for the whole of society . How so precious!
"Hatred eradicates hatred
This life does not have to be
Compassionate killing hate
Is the law of eternal "( Dhammapada ,END=NAM MO CAKYA MOUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.1/6/2017.
