Four Noble Truths (the Four Noble Truths

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 the Buddha was at Kosambi in simsapa woods, he picked up a few leaves simsapa bring up questions: "O Bhikkhus, the he think? Leaves simsapa in my hand or in the forest many simsapa much? ".

"Exalted, Bhagavan card hand too little, and the leaves in the forest simsapa too much". He tells us: "Likewise, the monks, what we know is too much, but what we teach him, very little, but that is what is necessary and essential for the liberation. What we have teach him? It was, "This is suffering," "This is Suffering," "This is the Cessation of Suffering," "This is the path leading to the Cessation of Suffering" (Samyutta V) .

Four Noble Truths are the foundation of Buddhist teaching system. Shortly after the Buddha attained enlightenment, he is coming to the Deer Park in his sermon Parivrajikas, the ascetic with his friend before; content first sermon was the Four Noble Truths. Since then, through his spiritual journey of doctrine Four Noble Truths are deployed or expanded. Buddha repeatedly identified the importance and Vietnam's super Four Noble Truths, he says: "These Arahats Enlightenment in the past, at present or in future, be regarded as the chief equity literally sense Enlightenment on Four Noble Truths " (Samyutta V) .

The purpose of Buddhism is deliverance from suffering, so the practice is established, all efforts to cultivate toward that goal. Teachings Four Noble Truths is considered supreme dhamma. Sariputra said: "For as all the footprints of all the animals were in the footprints of elephants photography, because the biggest footprints in all the footprints. Likewise, the word sage, all good Four measures are concentrated in the Holy Roman Emperor " (Majjhima i ). Buddha also taught: "O Bhikkhus, if anyone says that does not need to build the downstairs of the house, I would build the upper floor of the house, this event could not happen. Also, if someone says that without enlightened Four Noble Truths, we'll cessation of suffering, this event could not have happened " (Samyutta V) .

Until about to enter nirvana under Sala sa tree, one last time, he reiterated the Four Noble Truths: "The teachers bhikkhus, for four truths, the skeptical teacher may place the question immediately, rather than storing disbelief that no demand answers "

Thus, the importance of the Four Noble Truths doctrine has been identified by the Buddha and his disciples excellence. For over 2,500 years, the Four Noble Truths doctrine has been all sectarian Buddhism, Theravada or Mahayana, both uphold and practice.

 

I. Definitions

Four Noble Truths is translated from Sanskrit Catvary Han Aryasatyani. Arya is Noble, noble, mysterious; Satya is the Truth, the truth, the truth. Four Noble Truths called Quartet stands, the Four Noble Truths, four mystery truth.

1- Suffering (dukkha) is the real situation of human suffering.

2. Tap soles (samudaya): the origin or cause of suffering situation.

3. Removal soles (Nirodha): is the end or the end of suffering.

4. Noble Truth (Magga): is the way or method of practice leading to cessation of suffering.

Four Noble Truths doctrine referred to in the trade: to distinguish business center (Central III), Holy Roman Emperor of Distinction (Central Agama) of Zhuan Falun (Samyutta & Magazines Agama), and scattered in the Pali Canon, as well as Han organs.

Four Noble Truths II Content

1) - Suffering (dukkha): Suffering is a situation where people feel from the womb until blindly down the hand, no one denies that. Humans tend to overcome the sufferings, looking happy, but because not understand the nature of suffering should not really offer a way out; sometimes backwards, looking happy as increasingly entangled in misery.

Suffering is a truth, a truth about the nature of suffering. The Buddha says: 'O bhikkhus, birth is suffering, old age is suffering, disease is suffering, death is suffering, love that separation is suffering, desiring without the suffering. In short, the five aggregates of clinging suffering " (Samyutta V) . Thus, suffering can be divided into three aspects as follows:

a) - In terms of physiology: Suffering is an unpleasant sensation, burning, pain. When I was a thorn piercing the foot or a grain of sand in the eye discomfort ..., this is the urgent physical pain. The physical pain is very great, as Lao Tzu says: "Organic higher corn because corn organic castrate themselves" (There should be no suffering body). People born has struggled hell; grow old and weak, extremely miserable disease; and finally, death: the final disintegration of the body brings great unpleasant.

b) - In terms of psychology : is suffering from unsatisfactory, etc .. The displeasure unsatisfactory will create psychological pain. These losses, losses in his life made ​​miserable. Loved ones want to close without being, who I hate that every encounter nostalgic, I want money, fame, status, but it goes beyond zippy his hand. Life is like to tease people, dreams unsatisfactory, his heart is always empty, etc .. This is the desperate under psychological suffering.

c) - Suffering is the five aggregates of clinging (upadana-skandhas) : The third format involves both suffering on, as in business has taught: "Clinging five aggregates are suffering."

Five aggregates are 5 factors that depend on each other to form a human, include: the physical body and psychological structures like: feeling, thoughts, and consciousness (form, feeling, perception, and consciousness) . Speaking in a general way, when we dwell on five factors, considered as one, as mine, as my self, then the suffering there. The idea of ​​"my body", "emotional I", "thought I," "my mind", "my perception" ... formed a me desire, selfishness; Thus all suffering arises. Suffering, anxiety, fear, despair, madness are associated with the notion of "me" thing.

In summary, the phenomenon is suffering in terms of bodily pain sensation, the most pressing circumstances, the non-satisfaction of psychology. In essence, the suffering is caused by attachment, fall of the five aggregates.

2) - Episode soles (samudaya): Volume is accumulated, the negativity converge forming capacity leads to suffering; this is the cause, the source of the pain. Once aware of the nature of suffering clearly, can we go on the road end to suffering (Noble Truth).

Life is pain or suffering? The answer depends on the psychological attitudes, feelings and perceptions of each person; the cause of suffering has deep roots in the minds of people. Buddhism also see the cause of suffering; have arisen from the material or social situations, but the real cause is still the mind.

The cause of the economic pain is usually mentioned is craving, craving so that cling, cling to the object of craving. The desire for sensual pleasures leads to suffering, because thirst is never satisfied.

Cause deeper and more fundamental is ignorance, ie ignorance not see clearly the nature of things are dependent on each other phenomenon that arises, are impermanent and changing, no one can master, so durable independent firm in them. Do not see so clearly desire mentality, hug hold objects of pleasure. Do not see the new clearly believe that "me" is the most important, is the real need to cling, consolidate and meet its needs. In other words, by grasping ignorance that the "I" and "mine" as my body, my feelings, my thoughts ..., my lover, my property, my career ... Because of her attachment which has the misery of life.

In summary, we can see clearly, size is determined by his own heart; their hearts full of greedy, grasping, misperceptions are definitely suffering. In other words, by the look of every person to life, but there is suffering. If not the ego and selfish desire or negativity stir, dominant, dominate the mind and you life with peace, happiness.

3) - Anti soles (Nirodha): Extinction is terminated, is extinguished. Removal substrate is terminated or extinguished afflictions causes leading to the cessation of suffering and suffering; also means happiness, joy. Removal sole means Nirvana (Nirvana / Nibbana).

Buddhism confirm life full of suffering, and also identified another truth is that peace and happiness. So that is the practice to achieve happiness. What is happiness? Happiness has different levels.

a) - Happiness is relative : Once you calm craving, clinging, then the anxiety, fear, insecurity reduced, your body and mind become calm, clear mind; you see every problem becomes simpler and more generous. It is a form of happiness. Beijing Central with an example: There is a man in love with a girl. By chance, he caught her talking, laughing with another guy. The soul of the son is in love with her ​​strongly disturbed, upset, frustrated and distressed. Time later, the son was no longer loves that girl again; This time he met her, she was talking love, laughing with the other boys, but the image does not do his soul pain. Also, because the mind is not dominated by the idea of clinging, thanks not heated by the flame of sorrow, anxiety, fear, but your mind is calm and wiser, the ability to receive wake the phenomena more deeply and accurately, you created a miracle: the body and mind are transformed, your attitudes towards people generous, tolerant and humble; for wealth, property, fame becomes more serene, no longer subject to its pressure weighing on his heart. Against this background, you enjoy life more quality.

In summary, depending on the ability to minimize the greed, hatred and ignorance to what extent your life will be happy to share increase that level.

If you develop a higher spiritual happiness by practicing meditation, you will have great peace. Buddha taught: "There are sick people who can not physically in a year or maybe to a hundred years, but it is rare for people not mentally ill, if only for a minute." The psychology is regarded as mental illnesses include 5 mentality, often called the 5 hindrances: greed, anger, deep in sleep, fluctuating and regret, doubt and indecision. 5 This kind of mentality when present, it will bind and obscured mind you; excluding them, the spirit will be pure and clear as the moon peaceful escape clouds. The mental state of happiness is called Charity.

b) - Absolute Happiness: On the basis of spiritual happiness, you develop insight, afferent to rid all negativity subtle, profound, you can achieve absolute happiness, supreme as Nirvana Desk. Nirvana is the cessation of dukkha. Nirvana is the pure, absolute happiness. Buddha taught: "Countless patients best interests prevail, Nirvana supreme optimism" (K.Magandiya, TBK II) .

Nirvana also be expressed in many different nouns, such as: the unborn, liberated, unconditioned, outflow, originality shore, the first President, legs like, real minister ... Nirvana no legal body must be the object of thinking, concepts or language. This is the state of peace and happiness to the mind is the absolute absence of greed, hatred and delusion.

We often conceived as a realm of nirvana, a higher realms that human realm, as the paradise of other religions; That was a big mistake. Nirvana overcomes all dualistic concepts of time, space, yes, no, big and small ... However, Nirvana is not nothingness, but rather an exercise in pure, ultra Vietnam, do not lie within the distinction of consciousness, in other words, may not be aware of Nirvana while still greed, hatred and delusion. One monk said: "Look at the mountains, the streams, the beautiful green trees amazing there. Knowing see things with a new perspective, a perspective not governed by greed , the other beauty is that Nirvana! Nirvana is not one place different from the world, a realm in which people can come to. Nirvana is here ". Buddha and Bodhisattva, Arhat reached nirvana right in this life. That means Nirvana located within reach of every person. Manifestations of nirvana is no longer a cause and no longer regenerate.

4) - Noble Truth (Magga): Path is the path, the methods implemented to achieve peace and happiness in daily life or happiness absolute nirvana. Thus, the entire doctrine that the Buddha taught are the Noble Truth, general and consists of 37 legal basis, often called The 37 Qualities. The Buddha says: 'O bhikkhus, this is due to our legal enlightenment and teaching children smart to learn, empirical practice, widely spread Dharma is eternal, so happy for them students, for peace for all beings, because of compassion for the life, for happiness, for the happiness of gods and men. It is the four foundations of mindfulness, four primary needs, sufficient spirit Four, Five apartments, Five forces, Seven Bodhi part, eight noble part " (business Mahaparinirvana) .

In August 37, the noble approach is considered the most basic and typical of the Noble Truth. Eight noble, also known as Eight path - the right path - 8 spent part:

1) - Right Understanding (Samma Ditthi): See and understand properly, that is aware of the ethics of life, which is good, which is evil. Recognize the right of the nature of things as impermanent, selfless, interdependent. Well aware of the nature of suffering, the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering and the path to end suffering.

2) - Right Thought (Samma sankappa): Right thinking, that is, do not let your mind think such matters immoral lust, furiously angry, violent thoughts lead to harm ... his noble mind towards thinking about as loose and liberation, about love and help sentient beings, of nonviolence, patience, calmness.

3) - Right Speech (Samma Vaca): Language correctness, that is not saying the words given to suffering, divided, violent, hate. Utter taken to build confidence, harmonious unity, love and benefits.

4) - Right Action (Samma Kammanta): Acts proper, meaning no action killing, stealing, unlawful sexual acts. Practice love and help, not pleasure immoral desires.

5) - Livelihood (Samma Ajiva): Life is correct, that means living, true professional, not live by the illegal occupation, cruel, cunning.

6) - Right Effort (Samma Vayama): right effort, that is effort to get rid of evil, practice good effort.

7) - Mindfulness (Samma Sati): Remember to think properly, that is, do not mind thinking of evil, do not let the audience his nefarious wander lead. Dwelling on dhamma mind, do not forget the dhamma.

8) - Right Concentration (Samma samadhi): Concentrate thought proper, that is not to be disturbed mind, concentrating as peace of mind in the right way, effectively developing insight.

The relationship between the factors of the Noble Eightfold Path is inseparable, spending this part of the other expenses, the other support for this. Eight path can be divided into 3 steps as Morality, Concentration and Wisdom. About the Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood; Concentration is Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration; Property is Right Understanding, Right Thought. Identify Eightfold Path is the path to liberation, the Buddha taught: "Hey Subhadda, in law does not give the Noble Eightfold Path there is no result recluses Quartet" (Business Mahaparinirvana, TB I) . The Buddha taught: "If the monks live authentic (according Eightfold Path), then this life is not lack of Arhat".

Path is the path of the Noble Truth itself efforts of every practicing Buddhists; path that is both practical and effective even in this life.

Practicing truth III- Four

Buddhist teaching is not a doctrine, but rather a work practice, with new practices theory into practice, into the material of each human life, such as new eating saturated, new water drink thirst . That is where the difficulty of the Buddhists, can not rely on anyone to help her practice, or who gave themselves to be liberated, all suffering.

In the third phase launched awareness and practice for four truths, technically known as Tam switch: The switch, Extension switch, transfer certificate.

1) - For Suffering: Market transfer aware of, or recognize the suffering. Seeing the suffering is the first step; if not see, did not know there would be no action suffering. Discounts are moving deeper into the nature of suffering, desire arises rid of suffering. Certification transferred feel deeply and comprehensively about the nature of suffering.

2) - For Aprons: Thi forward is to identify the causes of suffering. Discounts switch is arises desire that causes the exception. Certification is transforming the practice, trying to get rid of them.

3) - For Killing soles: Thi switch is aware of the absence of suffering is happiness, there is no suffering, one must see it. Discounts switch is arises desire to be happy, have joy, peace serenity of life. Certifications transfer is achieved, really enjoy that happy condition.

4) - For the Noble Truth: Thi switch is visible path, saw the ending of suffering, it is clear that this is the path to liberation; in other words, find a way out! Discounts switch is desire arises to go on this path, departing on his route. Proof switch back on that road completely.

In short, for every truth, we must recognize clearly. From thorough awareness will lead to the desire to act, and ultimately achieve the purpose. We must clearly see the evolution of behavior, language and thinking of themselves, which have to suffer, causing suffering, we need to identify and eradicate them; we transform it to enjoy peace and happiness of Extinction insole average. Happiness or unhappiness comes from where our body and mind.

 

People suffer not because of lack of material, money or fame, but rather because of ignorance. Ignorance makes people not properly perceive the nature of life. Buddhism instruct people a path, a way out, provided the means for man to open the treasure of his wisdom. The definition of ignorance, the Buddha taught: "It is not known suffering, cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering and the path leading to the cessation of suffering, the monks, this is called ignorance ' (Samyutta V) . And the opposite is intelligent, is intellectual. Under the gaze of wisdom, interdependent relationship of four truth manifests clearly see the truth is found to be full of truth. The Buddha says: 'O bhikkhus, who saw suffering, he also found the cause of suffering, suffer a killing, saw the path to kill pain. Who can see the cause of suffering, suffering is seen, see Removal of suffering and the path leading to the cessation of suffering. Who saw the pain away, also see the suffering, the cause of suffering, the path to kill pain. Who can see the path to destroy suffering, then also see the size, materials of suffering and the cessation of suffering " (Samyutta V) . Such awareness is Right is right, it plays a very important role in the practice of four truths; In other words, the President is going top in all disciplines. Recognizing that clear guidance called Ants.

Four-truth doctrine and a means, has an end. A complete doctrine full of humanity bringing faith, human life, contemporary society and have practical benefits for people and modern society.

Characteristics of the Four Noble Truths doctrine that middle path, do not fall into sensual enjoyment extreme or austere mortification. Four Noble Truths doctrine encompasses all the teachings of the Buddha taught. Teachings Four Noble Truths can practice for ordained and lay, who are well practiced, one can taste the liberation and meet the demand from suffering for personal and social transformation. END=VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH NU TAM GIAC.NIEM PHAT DUONG KIM LIEN.AUSTRALIA,ADELAIDE.7/7/2015.