WHAT IS BUDDHISM?

The period of Theravada Buddhism, which is only for the doctrines passed down from the time of the Buddha's enlightenment and passed on to the generation of 3.4 generations until after his death, is the internal time of Buddhism. Differentiation, thought also united. The date can be calculated: If the Buddha died in 486 BC, he is 80 years old, so his birth year is 565 BC. He became a director at the age of 30, or 530 BC. Buddhism divided into sects over a period of more than 100 years after the Buddha's passing. Thus, we can come to the dating of the first period BC 530 BC -370 BC.

The principal teachings of the primitive Buddhist period were KINH and LAW. The Sutra consists of two types, the Northern Buddhism called A Ham, the Male Buddhism called the Nikaya. A function, in addition to 4 sets: "A field function", "Central A function", "A function," "A function"; Nikaya, in addition to 4 sets of equivalent A lead function, there are "Ministries". There are four sets of equivalents: the "Ministry", the "Middle", the "Upper Expenditures," and the "Journey". Law, the basic content of the Law is the regulator, the latter add the promotion and explanation of the origins of each event, such as the total law consists of 3 ministries. The suttas and laws that are now being handed down are either increased or reduced from one viewpoint in each of the sects, in which the nuance of each of the sects is unavoidable if we are to seek the teachings. originally of the Buddha, Research and analysis should be taken seriously. Western scholars have spent a great deal of time researching on this subject, but they can not use Chinese sources of information. (The sources of the Theravada literature are largely kept in the Han Dynasty.) Considering the importance of Pali sources, even for the Pali Canon, the Buddha himself said, this view is inevitable from bias. The German name is Hermann Oldenberg and the English name is Rhys Davids. Their method of study of the Pali canon is: From the Law of the Law find the difference of what is new and the former, then guess what is called. is the teaching of the Buddha. This is an ancient method of research, 40 years ago, but still influential. The Japanese method is: First, Bring the Hebrew Scriptures in comparative comparisons, find out what is the same between the Hebrews, and then judge what is called Theravada Buddhism, as the scholar Anesaki Masaharu used this method. . Later on, Ui Kakuju ... in addition to the comparative method, uses the methodology, conducts specific analysis of the logic in the structure and logic of development in each of the theories of each theory, from there To determine what is Theravada Buddhism and what are the later appearances. The methodology of Tzu Qi is more convincing, but it is also difficult to restore the appearance of Theravada Buddhism. The reason is that the sectarian Buddhism has undergone several divisions, so the material has changed a lot, together influence, intermittent, constantly adding, there are similarities, Therefore, What is similar, it is difficult to determine the original Buddhist. Now, if you want to find Theravāda Buddhism from the existing Laws, it is still a dilemma.

In this chapter, the writer merely takes the Buddha-centered theory, from which he traces the central problem, and adds the organization, Theravada Buddhism, which does not Like the above analysis methods of Western and Japanese scholars. 

Age of Buddha Shakyamuni 
The epoch of Sakyamuni Buddha was in the sixth century AD to the 5th century BC. Now Indian society under slavery, formed the country, the city, the industry is quite developed. India's slavery in the West was not the same, India did not have the size of slavery, but the slaves were not as heavy as the West, In slave India there is no such thing as the West. There are some who argue that slavery in India is only a form of slavery at an early stage, and then stagnant at this stage, not continuing.

The development of Indian society is: From north-west India to east India first to the upper reaches of the Ganges, to the Indian river and to the east is the plain area. Formation of the so-called China of India Around the 6th century BC, the development of the Lower Ganges, ie Central India, was established in many parts of the country, Some call it the 16 countries (Pali Canon, "The Expenditures", Sutras 1 and 4, similarly Sino translations, "Central Acts", vol. 55 "Purity Technique" to the doctrine of All of them are recorded in 16 countries.) In the time of Shakyamuni Buddha, the 16th generation of this country, there is a great transformation, in which the strongest countries are Magadha in the South of the Ganges, Kieu Tat La in the Northwest, and the United States ("The Tibetan Book of Mighty" as the context) in Northeast India. The political situation of each country is not the same, there are monarchy countries, there are countries under the republic. The republican countries also have leaders, not just through the congressional system, the great things through the majority of the congressional assembly decide, this is the remnant of the original convention regime left again. The Republican regime only exists in the northeastern part of the United States of America, in the United States, in La Mata and in the Shia La of the Shakyamuni, which are now completely destroyed. Later, they reflect the contemporary social situation. In other countries, it is common to see the racial identity (ie, "splash", meaning "beauty".) The Ariyans are white, occupy the dominant position, Indigenous people are black, they are ruled, this is the class division in Indian society). First, there are only two races in India, followed by the Ariyans, which are further divided into four classes: 1. La Rom, 2. The Beneath, 3. The Four, The Four. Brahmin was a class that helped the ruling class rule out Satisfaction, holding the cultural and religious sphere. By the time of Shakyamuni, the Brahminical class of Brahmins manifested a grievance in power, advocates of Brahmanical thought, forming a battle against the brahminical class. . The Prussian class consisted of agricultural, industrial and businessmen, subjected to the oppression of the two upper classes severely. India's industrial prosperity, prosperity (with Burma, Persia, Arabia), The merchants become rich, so, for the political cause urgent. The formation of these social forces undermined the political and ideological aspects of the brahminical class, which led to the contemporary society appearing six philosophical representations For classes that are not in the same position in society ("Kinh Duy Ma", "Dhamma practitioner", "School A jaw." "The School of the Ministry" of Nam Truyen also recorded, not through the records of Nam Bac transmission heterogeneous).

In the six philosophies, the first is a materialist, whose representative is Ajita Kesa Kambala, later known as Shunde. This faction gives four elements: earth, water, wind, fire are the permanent elements of existence, people and the world created by these four great; Not accepting souls, people die when they return the four elements. The purpose of human life is to explore and satisfy the pleasures. This doctrine is a protest against the sacrifice of Brahmanism, who represents the slave class. The second is Sanjaya Velatthiputta, a school of visualism, with no problem, such as whether or not there is life after, whether or not there is retribution. This saying that, say yes, say not immediately. Thus, one gives this sentiment, that is, it's hard to grasp. This philosophy advocates practicing meditation, in order to seek wisdom. In the disciples of the Buddha, he Meng Kien Lien, Saree Phat have this school of study. The doctrine of the sect also implied that the world transformed by Pham became Brahman. Up to the time of the Upanishad, the Sanjaya Belatthiputta is still acknowledging the doctrine of non-affirmation by neither affirmation nor negation, the third is Makkhali - Gosala. There is no meaning in the life of the Buddha, The foolishness of the mind is liberated. It says that man is created by the elements, materialism The followers of this sect have given themselves the doctrine of right view, in addition to being "evil foreigners" even Buddhism. The fourth is the Purana - Kassapa. This doctrine, along with the similar Le Monde doctrine, denied the good and evil doctrines of the karmic theory and the doctrine of Brahmanism. These followers came from the slave class. Fifth, Pakudha Kaccayana, denies human behavior has no effect on future life, assumes that the human body is composed of seven elements, one of which is the seven factors that depart from the human body. , these elements permanently exist, bearing materialist ideas. The three doctrines, the same doctrine, are often misunderstood between one another and the other, these three are self-proclaimed "mainstream", on the contrary, Buddhism calls them "evil pagans." These followers, coming from the slave class, the doctrines that represented the interests of the fourth class were the slave class. The sixth, Nigantha Nata-putta, which later developed into Jainism, advocated the loss of meaning: First of all, to bring the world into two categories, being alive and without life The Having a life that is not free, due to karma or attachment, it is necessary to exclude, destroy them to achieve liberation. This sect says that the karmic retribution of human beings is so heavy, that the karmic retribution is over, it is necessary to go through ascetic practice, so asceticism. This idea, in fact, maintains Brahmanism. Ni Kien Tu came from the Emperor class, the mother is the daughter of the king, sister is king, So the doctrine of the sect also represents the interests of the ruling class. This opposite of the Buddha Shakyamuni, there was a conflict between the two. This sect, however, maintains Brahmanism, but in terms of liberation, Brahmanism is not the same.

Shakyamuni's race, which is not clear, is thought to be the Ariyan race, which is the Mongol race, located in southern Nepal, adjacent to the Rapti River in northeastern India. Legend has it that at the foot of the Hellenic, there is a land area of ​​about 20 kilometers wide, 16 kilometers wide, a total area of ​​320 square kilometers, where there are 10 small towns, The largest city is Cilicia. It is called the city of the city. According to the legend, there were 16 major countries in India, but there was no name for Kandahar, and it was not yet independent. Hsuan - Tsang has been here, the base of "Western Vygoshi" that the ruin of the city still exists. The country has 80,000 households, a total of 500 thousand people, according to the republic. At the time, In the face of political upheaval in India, the protracted rebellion threatened by Kaka is a typical example. In the face of such a situation, Shakyamuni for the country must of course be responsible, how to get rid of the threat of Kwan? King Sri Soudhothana naturally wishes his son, Shakyamuni, to continue his succession, to maintain his territory.
However, Shaky himself did not want to succeed the head of the nation; on the contrary, he left the palace according to the study thinkers, and finally Shaky himself founded the doctrine, propagated everywhere, developed into religion. From then on, the myths about him naturally became more and more sacred. For these myths, there have been many scholars studying and now there are still many who continue to study, so far, the history of his life is relatively clear.

The legends of the Buddha, partly preserved in the Sutra, are largely preserved in the Vinaya. Each law has its own Law, so the Buddha's story is not the same. The mass of the Buddha called the Great Buddha, the Dharma set called the "Dhamma Sutra" (Law of this sect called "Four Rules"). In the Han translation, there is a relatively complete set of Buddhist scriptures as "Buddhist Practicing Buddhist Scriptures" consisting of 16 volumes, translated into Sui, a collection of various Buddha stories from 5 ministries. Buddhists in the law of the sectarian records only about the birth, the event of the monk, the enlightenment of the Buddha, and even after the formation of the six years, he returned to the palace, but from then on His activities are not recorded, in the "Buddhist practice" just as recorded. He wrote the book "Buddha Hanh also" based on these sources, and added until the Buddha died. In addition, Siddhartha also wrote, "The Rule of Discipline" in the "Greater Attachments", respect not only one Ministry, including the Ministry of the Ministry. Shakyamuni after his enlightenment, his followers organized into mass organizations, set up many regimes, including the regime of residence. Based on the existing data, after the Buddha's enlightenment, within 45 years, each residence site has a record, and very reasonable. First, the Buddha resides in Wang Xa, the capital of Ma monastery, second, more than 20 years in the city, is the capital of Kieu Tat La. Accordingly, based on material, it is possible to narrate 45 years of Buddhism. This, the accounts of Buddha Shakyamuni, are true. Then add to the Buddha's passing. In addition, Siddhartha also wrote, "The Rule of Discipline" in the "Greater Attachments", respect not only one Ministry, including the Ministry of the Ministry. Shakyamuni after his enlightenment, his followers organized into mass organizations, set up many regimes, including the regime of residence. Based on the existing data, after the Buddha's enlightenment, within 45 years, each residence site has a record, and very reasonable. First, the Buddha resides in Wang Xa, the capital of Ma monastery, second, more than 20 years in the city, is the capital of Kieu Tat La. Accordingly, based on material, it is possible to narrate 45 years of Buddhism. This, the accounts of Buddha Shakyamuni, are true. Then add to the Buddha's passing. In addition, Siddhartha also wrote, "The Rule of Discipline" in the "Greater Attachments", respect not only one Ministry, including the Ministry of the Ministry. Shakyamuni after his enlightenment, his followers organized into mass organizations, set up many regimes, including the regime of residence. Based on the existing data, after the Buddha's enlightenment, within 45 years, each residence site has a record, and very reasonable. First, the Buddha resides in Wang Xa, the capital of Ma monastery, second, more than 20 years in the city, is the capital of Kieu Tat La. Accordingly, based on material, it is possible to narrate 45 years of Buddhism. This, the accounts of Buddha Shakyamuni, are true. These include the Countdown. Shakyamuni after his enlightenment, his followers organized into mass organizations, set up many regimes, including the regime of residence. Based on the existing data, after the Buddha's enlightenment, within 45 years, each residence site has a record, and very reasonable. First, the Buddha resides in Wang Xa, the capital of Ma monastery, second, more than 20 years in the city, is the capital of Kieu Tat La. Accordingly, based on material, it is possible to narrate 45 years of Buddhism. This, the accounts of Buddha Shakyamuni, are true. These include the Countdown. Shakyamuni after his enlightenment, his followers organized into mass organizations, set up many regimes, including the regime of residence. Based on the existing data, after the Buddha's enlightenment, within 45 years, each residence site has a record, and very reasonable. First, the Buddha resides in Wang Xa, the capital of Ma monastery, second, more than 20 years in the city, is the capital of Kieu Tat La. Accordingly, based on material, it is possible to narrate 45 years of Buddhism. This, the accounts of Buddha Shakyamuni, are true. The Buddha resides in Wang Xa Town, the capital of the country Ma, and more than 20 years in the city, is the capital of Kieu Tat La. Accordingly, based on material, it is possible to narrate 45 years of Buddhism. This, the accounts of Buddha Shakyamuni, are true. The Buddha resides in Wang Xa Town, the capital of the country Ma, and more than 20 years in the city, is the capital of Kieu Tat La. Accordingly, based on material, it is possible to narrate 45 years of Buddhism. This, the accounts of Buddha Shakyamuni, are true.

The central tasks of the Buddha, through the work "Indian Buddhist History," through which we can see part of his life. It is roughly the following: In his youth he was seriously educated, when he grew up married, gave birth to a child, 29 years old monk, go to Magadha find teacher teacher, but not satisfied, spread 6 years ascetic still not satisfied, finally he founded the new theory thinking at 35 years old. From there, the Buddha began to praise the Dhamma, experiencing 45 years. The places where he used to say dhamma included the three countries are Magadha, Kiều Tát La and Bát Sa. From East to Champa, west to Ma La, the scope is quite wide.

Why did Shakyamuni want to leave? Through reflection in his doctrine, how does social content manifest? Contemporary Indian society was liberal, and these thinkers came from the non-minor classes. In fact, there are many problems that the brahminical class does not understand to study in the Noble Truth (in the "Apocalypse"). As far as the fallen nature is concerned, this concept is Brahman's theory, but later on they themselves are not clear, they must study in Sativa. As the doctrine of samsara, founded by the Emperor Bo E Phuc Ha Na, then the Brahmins held the jhana, which developed into karma, and was viewed as a secret to worship. Facing this situation, Shakyamuni said, If it is not possible to improve the political status of Kapilavati, it is best for individuals to enlist with others in the field of academic thought. According to legend, after he was born, he predicted that if he were not king, he would be the thinker, the prophet, reflecting the current situation that he had to deal with. Road is academic or political choice. This is the cause of the Buddhist monk, in addition to many different theories. It is said that he saw the suffering of the elderly, the sick and the dead, and saw the free life of the monk, leading to his birth; In addition, there is the theory that when he saw the farmer plowing the field, the bird was eaten, but the farmer is calm, do not show pity before the death of a living. This scene, made him compassion before the death of others, and at the same time understand the meaning of impermanence? Is his ordination due to the suffering of the farmer and the suffering of the impermanent life? There is some evidence that Shakyamuni, who lived in the palace, did not feel the pain, left the palace, touched upon the phenomena of social life, gave him the idea of ​​the world. suffering. This material, although not clear and authentic, but said the farmer is suffering, this concept and his doctrine is similar. To maintain and respond to the doctrine of Shakyamuni, a number of recorded records, the king of Qin Sa La Ma is extremely respectful, and bring Trúc Lam monks to worship the Sun as a place of praise. France. Later, he was also responded by his race, and finally the king of Persia, Kiều Tát La. In addition, the Blessed are also traders such as Tu Dat, Classical Indians, etc. are popular supporters of contemporary times. There is a theory that, Dong Vien Loc Lecture hall is a rich bride brought his precious jewelry sold, taking the money for the lecture hall. Later, the Blessed One went to Vesali, where the area of ​​Jainism was very difficult, but he was also offered by the Prophet Am La Ve "There is a theory that Am La Ve is a false man who claims to be a female, regardless of how material support is from the stages. In the disciple of the Buddha, the opening is five monks, the second is the Da Xa merchants, He and his disciples went to the refuge of the Buddha. Thereby, we see, the supporters of the Buddha are the people of the wealthy, so his doctrine is representative of the masses, and here are not enough words to prove the Specific examples.END=NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.1/2/2018.