Basic teachings of Buddhism.

1. Four Noble Truths or the Four Noble Truths (Cattari Ariyasaccani) ⁶⁵ :

First sermon ⁶⁶  and the most significant, reflecting the outlook on life, epistemology of Buddhism is the Buddha begins with the advice people need to abandon all forms of extremism; because they are the roots of the mistake of thinking that humans ever to suffer in misery, and tied up in the grips of cognitive thinking.

For Buddhism, extremists is the greatest obstacle obscuring the truth of human approach, because the Buddha has itself experienced the extreme lifestyle, the extremism and the consequences suffered by the how bringing extreme care, he always advised his disciples to stay away cầ all extremes, especially the two extremes of life, including sexual enjoyment I _a  mortification and austerity, as both this lifestyle does not lead to happiness, real peace. It can be said that the opening of the Four Noble Truths sermons emerged practical spirit and full of wisdom of Buddhism; a point of view, a fact to be verified by the experience of a human life, which is not the product of fantasy thinking. This truth more clearly the content of the sermon Four Noble Truths ^[1] [2] :

(a) Truth of Suffering: Includes birth is suffering, aging is suffering, sickness is suffering, death is suffering, hope of not being is suffering, separation lakho your beloved, must collision, contact with people or something unpleasant is suffering. In short the five aggregates of clinging ⁶⁹  are suffering.

(B) The truth about the cause of suffering: It is starting with lust at the same loving, sensual seek this place, elsewhere. Ai has three categories: charity (concupiscence) bhava (love existence), no bhava (disgusted existence).

            (C) The truth of the cessation of suffering: That is completely rid of the craving without residue remains, the removal, not clinging to the craving.

            (d) The truth about the way the extinction of suffering: It is the Noble Eightfold Path, the path ie eight branches, including the right view (sammaditthi), right thought (sammasankappa), right speech (sammavaca), Right Action (samma-ikamata) , right livelihood (sammaaiiva), right effort (sammaayama), mindfulness (sammasati), and right concentration (sammasamadhi)   sleep   aggregates means that the group, including the form, feeling, perception, and consciousness: in trying to make up the people.

Based on the first teaching "life is suffering (dukkha)", many argued that Buddhism is the religion cynical, pessimistic. First, the need to define clear that the statement "life is suffering" is "Buddhism says about the nature of life", not a "manifestation of the Buddhist attitude" It is getting provisions can only be true or false, not be pessimistic or optimistic. Will no one said, the result of the problem "2 + 2 = 4" is pessimistic or optimistic, but can only say that the result was right or wrong! In other words, the above remarks can only be rated "right or wrong", not to say "pessimistic or optimistic." Furthermore, the concept of "suffering", according to the Buddhist viewpoint, consists of eight categories: include birth size, old pain, the suffering of disease, suffering death, who is not suffering, suffering distant loved, meet , approaching what I do not like is suffering, and attachment body and mind (the five aggregates) is suffering. Through content "suffering" of the eight categories above, surely this epistemology of Buddhism need to be reassessed. It Walpola Rahula's language, Buddhism is not pessimistic nor tinged upbeat bearing, micro cachnhin Buddhism reality of life and the universe, a way of seeing things as they really are (yathabhutam) ⁷⁰ .

It should be noted that the teachings of Buddhism does not stop at the statement "life is suffering", which continues to indicate to humanity that is the root of her eternal suffering through a second truth: It is refreshing craving (tanha) arise gradually with human lust go seek sensual, sensual satisfaction everywhere. According to Buddhism, Tanha (craving), there are three types:

(a) The constant craving for the pleasures of the senses (kamatanha- sensual desires), (b) thirst for existence and becoming (bhavatanha), (c) the non-existence of desire, that is bored bored existence (vibhavatanha). Dissatisfaction, feeling of lack of fishy ã (such as lust, desire, covetous, etc ..) expressed in many different forms has led mankind away from this suffering to suffering  [3 ] More pain, disappointment to disappointment this other.

After recognition of suffering, cause of suffering artifact, want an end to suffering, people phaidoan UU its roots. It is the cessation, the discarded, the boredom, the desire to exclude. This is the third truth of the cessation of suffering, certified maize Nirvana (P. Nibbana; s. Nirvana).

The path to get rid of craving, the origin of suffering, is the Noble Eightfold Path; That is right view (look right), right thought (thinking rightly), right speech (speech rightly), Right (righteous action), right livelihood (occupation true), Secretarial crystal tons (diligent, ardent properly), mindfulness (proper tribute) and concentration (attention proper).

By this teaching, the Buddha often referred to as an empirical scientist, is a talented physician, a physician and skillful wisdom. Four Noble Truths sermon was compared with a sample in the form of medicine: (a) Sick (hard soles); (B) diagnosis, find the cause of disease (collective substrate); (C) Eliminate the causes of disease (Removal soles); (D) Using drugs, medicinal and healing methods (DAO to).

We can say that word to be one of the elite, the core of Buddhist philosophy. Quantrong range of techniques can all summed up in the statement of the disciples of the Buddha, Venerable Xa- profit-Waving (Sariputta):

"Divine Sage, such as all the footprints of all the animals were in the footprints of elephants photography, because the footprint is the largest in all of the big footprint. Likewise, the word Sage, all dhamma are concentrated in the Four Noble Truths " ⁷¹ .

2. Origination (S: Pratiyasamutpada; P: Paticcasamu-ppada) and Anatta (Antta) ⁷² :

One other important doctrines of Theravada Buddhism related categories worldview and cosmology, opening up a new religious ideology only Indian philosophy in the sixth century the doctrine of Dependent Tr.CN Run or Duyen Sinh. According to Buddhism, paticcasamuppàda or legal conditionality means all legal (dhamma) is working into (other names are compounded, which means that by the grace arises) must comply with the law of impermanence, variable necrosis, disintegration, annihilation. Tinhthan conditionality can be illustrated basketry _n  through the following definition of the Buddha:

"... What is the theory of origin? This e pretentious, charming Executive ignorance; predestined operating mode; unique charm and matter; predestined six Origin mentality; six contact X1 coast; Life in contact coast; Coast frontier life; Coast frontier defense; coastal defense property; fortunate birth; elderly occurrence of death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, brain arises. Silmilar entire episode starting aggregates suffering. This all-Jche Rate ₀  so called collective departure " ⁷³ .

Important teachings are often summarized under the denominator follows: "Due to this improved grass surface, other enhancements exist. Due to this improvement arises, other improvements arise ... Due to this absence, other improvements are not present. Due to this improvement kill, kill other improvements ... " ¹ * This is the process of generation, existence and continuity of the river; this process will end when one of the factors of it is the exception, that is due to ignorance eradicated completely destroyed should act. By acts should kill kill mode. Due to kill Isaac formula should kill list. Because six Origin mentality should kill kill.

Therefore treatment should kill six killed in contact. Do contact should destroy destroy life. Because loving life should kill kill. Due to the obvious affinity should kill kill. Removal should be issued by the mortal. Due to kill mortal. Old died due to birth and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and kill brain. So is this entire mass of ill cessation. This, monks, the so-called cessation.

According to the definition of dependent arising, due ignorance commit, so act with knowledge ..., so life should be compassionate, so loving with players, etc .. until suffering brain benefits. Thus, human life is of love, and charity of the player's left to do; So when the prime loving kill kill, kill well and life is synonymous with Nirvana. In other words, each is both causal factors of human, just as effective. Meaning that it has been formed by a human work, but at the same time it is also the people or the conditions for the arising of the remaining measures. Therefore, this twelve elements relative and interdependent to survive, there is no such thing as absolute or independent. On the basis of the theory of origin, Buddhism rejects any doctrine of a creator can, great falls, etc ... and do not accept the first cause ⁷⁵ .

[4] Thus, when the twelve elements of conditions arise synonymous with the uprising of aggregates and dry when twelve elements Removal of conditions meant the cessation of suffering aggregates. This is the principle arising and cessation of compounded (including humans and all things). It is not because anyone creative or product nor of any supernatural being, god, because the Buddha said: "France Origination that, despite the Tathagata appears or does not appear , dwell is that gender identity was decisive nature, that dependence nature ... " ^[5] .

The ultimate analysis, the ends of the theory of origin would lead to inevitable corollary is  ^u IAT both selfless approach ";  because as mentioned above, each causal factors of both a human just as effective. Due to this the present, the other is present; This kills the other due to the killing. Means that all the elements are different depending shortcomings and disappear, without any self any hidden secrets behind, leading the regeneration process from one life to another. According to this principle, the notion or idea of a permanent substance ngahay invariant inside or outside people, though known to any fine words such as '' soul, falls, etc .. ", are is the product of mistaken belief, fantasy, unreal. It is the root of all the troubles tops, sin.

It can be said clearly, Buddhism is the only religion in the history of human religious thought denies the existence of a soul, self or similar concepts. Selfless (anatta) or the real nature of the law is the true reason preferences- Buddha-ni ca-contradictory enlightenment, attain and shook uttered human mind is wandering in the world of elementary concepts down , higher self, the soul, I, me, etc ..

This great discovery of the Buddha not only contributed to the philosophies of India on the level of logic, but also the leading thinkers in solving the crisis really human at the time of the Consulate religious, political, social, etc .. because, while all contemporary philosophical systems of India have advocated the doctrine of self, enhance self, which is the source of numerous hinhthai suffering, then the doctrine of dependent arising selfless Buddhist d middle voice, to help people who are correlations interdependence of all HIE property. All human existence and all things past dg interdependent origination light.

In some extent, it seems that humanity today is in a root footsteps of history with the triumph of the ideology, the philosophy is full of selfhood, extreme. Inevitable consequence of this kind of thinking is war, hatred, violence due to gender discrimination, race, caste color, etc .. Maybe so, but the spirit of the doctrine of dependent origination Buddhism being presented philosophers, historians, social, etc .. in the world taken seriously because it can be a viable solution for today's people in solving serious conflicts between cultures drink and civilization of the continent, which was derived from non-conditionality philosophy.

3. Aggregates (Pancakkhandha):

Aggregates as an important doctrine, the Buddha preached in the second sermon after enlightenment, reflects a new view on the Composition of Phatgiao of people and things. According to Buddhism, which is often referred to as individual, self, humans etc .. just a set of mental capacity and physical, is divided into five groups (often called the five aggregates) , including excellent (rtlpakhandha), (Vedanakkhandha), perception (sannakkhandha), onions (samkha rakkhandha) and informal (vinnanakkhandha).

(I) the aggregate: Includes four elements (called quarter-the-great cattarimahabhutani): earth, water, fire, wind and by four great things form (commonly called the four elements create-upadaya basis). Analysis on the basic human khandhas theory, these five senses (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body) and the external world of objects (called in the ceiling: color, sound, smell, taste, touch) is the stuff formed by four companies, they belong to the group identity.

(Ii) Life aggregates (that feeling): Includes pain sensation (unpleasant), feeling happy (pleasures), unhappy feeling no pain (no pain no pleasures). This feeling has six categories, arises when six apartments with six ceiling exposure: eye contact with Life by Isaac, the ears hear, smell incense nose, tongue to taste, body contact with tangible objects, and the next contact with objects (legal)

Off the feeling born from touching the vicinity of six are six ceiling of heading expectancy (sensations).

(Iii) Wall aggregates (cognitive, perceptual): There are six types, including a great color, great bar, incense wall, the wall, legal exposure and a great idea. Six types arise when this idea six apartments with six ceiling exposed.

(iv) Administrative aggregates: The artifact of the mind, a major factor in the business decisions of Buddhism, also known as cetana (private mental states). Operating with six categories  related to  the six bases (senses) and six scenes (object) respectively.

(v) Aggregate of Consciousness: A fifth group, which functions well aware of the presence of objects (legal); for example when exposed to sharp eye, eye-consciousness arises but it only aware of the presence of a law that does not recognize the legal nature of  Ay  (eg color, form does not recognize it as  anything ). Get  to know and discern the great functionality of aggregates. Same  as the above aggregates, there are six types of knowledge will  arise when  the senses come into contact with six scenes  respectively,  consists of consciousness, ear consciousness, olfactory consciousness,  tongue-consciousness, body  and consciousness.

It should be noted that, in view of Buddhism, inland locations include modern era (the human body) and higher foreign sites (dear neighbor and the physical world). Likewise for fish age, the fire and the wind. From here, the aggregate of form should also be understood that the internal identity (your bodies) and external color (the other and the physical world) etc .. Humans are the collection of the five aggregates (form, feeling, perception, , formula). The existence of an aggregates means that the existence of the five aggregates; impermanence, making havoc of an impermanent aggregates, ie the damage of these five variables. However, it should be noted that when a character turns septic, it immediately as a condition for the emergence of a different character in the causality of karmic theory, without the constant unchanging substance in them ⁷⁸ . What we call the soul, individual, or me, just a name of a meeting of the five aggregates, which change and continuous transformation (in both physical and psychological) ⁷⁹ . If anyone clinging to an unchanging permanent self in the five aggregates, all yeunguoi would be suffering; Because if there is a real constant falls like goods usually exist, he would not ego is suffering, or not lead to suffering, which certainly exists ia an immortal entity in freedom, happiness absolute, and so people will not have anything to do with the notion of "suffering - dukkha". Therefore, the very fact that human suffering experienced proven to show people that there is no such self immutable.

4. Industry (P.kamma; s. Karma) and karma:

We can say clearly, now is a theory that most religions, appearing before or after Buddhism, are all truomg. Generally, these theistic religions in India have advocated fate (God, Creator), now predestination, or destiny, etc .. In this case, people can not do anything more than to wait gods rewarded if the will abide, tolerate or orange heart of the divine judgment, if done wrong commandments, or bow to pay in the past has caused alarm, etc .. in contrast, some religions atheistic, nihilistic doctrine advocates, random, senseless ungainly, etc .., for no apparent rebirth reincarnation issue, without causing human story reap. People do not need to practice mortification, austerity, nothing to worry about spirituality, psychology, in addition to sensual enjoyment, because after death is no longer anything ⁸⁰ .

Buddhist teachings of the now completely different tendencies on. Industry (P. Kamma; s. Karma) Buddhism is the desire to act, with the intention (P. cetana; English translation is intentional action; volitional action, saying in the language of psychology Frued, "libido ") is expressed through body, words and thoughts. The action without desire, without volition, it is only action, which is not now. Buddhism does not accept the policy: "What do people now (act) how, how, he is feeling so retribution, so '; which advocates of Buddhism now is: "What do people now (action) is feeling like, let him feeling really so simple retribution ..." ⁸¹ .

From this perspective, a breakthrough is extremely important for business ideas in the relationship between the human and the divine world has been established! As mentioned above, appeared before Buddhism, people in the vision of theistic religion is just divine slavery, is a species of beings were created to express the desire of God or creator apple. But in the Buddhist teachings, "man is the owner of the business (ie their actions), an heir now, now is the womb, the relatives now, now is the fulcrum. All that now will do, good or bad, people will heir result of his career "not that anyone else ^[6] !

Obviously, this spirit of Buddhist karma has freed people from the slavery of the holy spirit, tearing dominant ideologies of the busi- Ba-four subjects in philosophy class, color, race ; because according to advocates of Buddhism now, not by birth that one becomes nobleman hayke poverty, but by one act (now) that people will become higher as you or outcast * ³ .

Besides that, the other characteristics of the Buddhist teachings must now mention IA concept of old and new career now. According to Buddhism, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind that human life expectancy at birth is getting the old industry. The actions of body and mind desire now is the new now ⁸⁴ . In other words, the result of past karma (now former) can affect our lives in the present through the event we receive the five aggregates (complete units or disability, is white or black, smart or stupid, etc ..) and the environment, including the family and society (rich or poor family, noble, nobles or abjection; social living conditions of good or evil, civilization and backwardness, etc ..). Thus, all actions (now) old man made in the past have fit in the plate five aggregates and habitat when it is re-born. From now on, people will self-responsibility and he will be suffering; because if there is one true constant falls like goods usually exist, he would not ego is suffering, or not lead to suffering, which is definitely an immortal entity exists in freedom, happiness absolute, and so people will not have anything to do with the notion of "suffering - dukkha". Therefore, the very fact that human suffering experienced proven to show people that there is no such self immutable.

4. Industry (P.kamma; s. Karma) and karma:

We can say clearly, now is a theory that most religions, appearing before or after Buddhism, are all truomg. Generally, these theistic religions in India have advocated fate (God, Creator), now predestination, or destiny, etc .. In this case, people can not do anything more than to wait gods rewarded if the will abide, tolerate or orange heart of the divine judgment, if done wrong commandments, or bow to pay in the past has caused alarm, etc .. in contrast, some religions atheistic, nihilistic doctrine advocates, random, senseless ungainly, etc .., said that no matter reincarnation reborn, without causing human story reap. People do not care to practice mortification, austerity, no rust to worry about spirituality, psychology, besides the enjoyment of pleasure, because after death is no longer anything ^[7] .

Buddhist teachings of the now completely different tendencies on. Industry (P. Kamma; s. Karma) Buddhism is the desire to act, with the intention (P. cetana; English title is intentional action; volitional action, saying in the language of psychology Frued, "libido ") is expressed through body, words and thoughts. The action without desire, without volition, it is only action, which is not now. Buddhism does not accept all truomg: "What do people now (act) how, how, he is feeling so retribution, so '; which advocates of Buddhism now is: "What do people now (action) is feeling how, performance, feeling he mastered such simple retribution ..." ^[8] .

From this perspective, a breakthrough is extremely important for business ideas in the relationship between the human and the divine world has been established! As mentioned above, appeared before Buddhism, people in the vision of theistic religion is just divine slavery, is a species of beings were created to express the desire of god or creator apple. But in the Buddhist teachings, "man is the owner of the business (ie their actions), now an heir is now the womb, are relatives now, now is the fulcrum. All that now will do, good or bad, it will inherit from the results of that now, "which is not nobody else ^[9] !

Obviously, this spirit of Buddhist karma has freed people from the slavery of the holy spirit, tearing dominant ideologies of the busi- Ba-four subjects in philosophy class, color, race ; because according to advocates of Buddhism now, not by birth that one becomes nobleman hayke poverty, but by one act (now) that people will become higher as you or outcast ^{[10 ]} .

Besides that, the other characteristics of the Buddhist teachings must now mention the concept of old and new career now. According to Buddhism, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind that human life expectancy at birth is getting the old industry. The actions of body and mind desire now is the new now ^[11] . In other words, the result of past karma (now former) can affect our lives in the present through the event we receive the five aggregates (complete units or disability, is white or black, smart or stupid, etc ..) and the environment, including the family and society (rich or poor family, noble, nobles or abjection; social living conditions of good or evil, civilization and backwardness, etc ..). Thus, all actions (now) old man was created in the past year in the heart of the five aggregates compact and habitat when it is re-born. From now on, people will be responsible for deciding the fate of his own, which is not anyone else. We can say that this is the starting point of a route entirely live up to people's new career! However, if you want to go on the path of happiness, freeing people need to have a lofty ideal life (selflessness, altruism, compassion, sympathetic joy commune), a method of practice (the Noble Eightfold Path) truthfulness, as a guideline for the implementation of the rehabilitation and rid the evil old now, and creating good new business brings benefits, peace for practitioners within the current and future.

Through professional teachings, Buddhism has returned the correct position, authority and responsibility to people. It is man, not someone else might decide to happiness or his misery, because  "only sin we do, we do for our lawn just defiled, only grass we avoid sin, our only make me pure, clean or polluted the self in me, no one can make others became pure " ^[12] END=NAM MO CAKYA MOUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.15/3/2017.