LESSON 14: CRIME (PĀPA) AND LEVELS OF CRIMES I. "CRIME" CONCEPT The sin in Pali is "Pāpa" (English: sin, offence), meaning a mistake, a mistake to self , neighbor or community. Buddhism does not emphasize this concept as religions: Christianity, Protestantism. In the religious system based on the Old Testament and the New Testament, it is assumed that human beings have committed sin (original sin) and need to be baptized. Meanwhile, Buddhism assumes that people are born with both good and evil karma in the past, including both merit and sin created by that person. Whether or not he is baptized, he or she still has to suffer from the suffering he or she has created. An action is called sin because that action (behavior, words, gestures, attitudes) creates akusala, which is not appropriate for the status that he or she is, tend to bring that person down to the lower realm. II. CRIMINAL CLASSIFICATION ON THE OBJECTS The same action, for this person to commit, but for the other person does not. It depends on the position, function, circumstances, environment people are living. Therefore, we cannot hurry to judge a person as right and wrong, good or bad without sufficient information about that person: cultural level, family, cultural, religious background ... and other factors. In short, depending on the function and status of each person, it is determined whether or not the person is violating. 1. Home and renunciation: The life of a layman is different from a monk. The ideal of the layman is to live to make peace and happiness; meanwhile the monastic ideal is not only a desire to create a happy, happy life, Purely humanity but also the ultimate purpose is the section except the defilements in the mind, attaining Nirvana. Therefore, the moral standard of two lay people only needs to comply with the five precepts and there is no specific punishment institution, while the monk, depending on the level of the monastic life, has severe penalties different. 2. Sa-di and Bhikkhu-khưu: For goods Sa-di, the number of life must be maintained less than the world of monks. Sa-di only needs 10 precepts, while Bhikkhu-khưu must adhere to 227 precepts (Theravada) world or 250 precepts (Tonkin). The more people who cultivate, the longer they have to show off the dignity of virtue of virtue in a correct way, the majesty must be more stable. The great ones are always good examples for the next generation to follow and follow. One thing that we need to thoroughly examine is for Bhikkhu-stilts to have only four kingdoms expelled, and for the Sa-dien, the male transmission has up to 10 people who are expelled and the order of the sexes between the South and the North is also heterogeneous. See TT's Comfort Law Sa-di. Giac Giac Another issue that should be considered is the same problem that Sa-di is guilty of and can leave, while Bhikkhu is not allowed. 3. The Buddha-Bhikkhu and the Bhikkhu-khưu: Just like the Sangha, Ni also has different precepts between the Vajrayana and the monks and nuns. Aside from the mazas other than having to comply with the 10 precepts of Sa-di, you must strictly follow the 6 precepts. If you miss one of the 6 precepts, you have to start over. As for a Bhikkhu-khưu-ni must take 311 precepts (Southern transmission) and 348 precepts (Northern transmission). 4. According to gender: The Bhikkhu-ni's branch is more than the Bhikkhu's (six Tibetan schools are like that). It is not that Buddhism imposes many constraints on nuns and the patriarchal patriarchy of clans or some countries now. That is to show the function of gender is to protect and make payroll for the gender holder. For example, the following four precepts of Bhikkhu-ni in Pārajikā (annihilation / expulsion / expulsion) are only the precepts of the 13 Sanghadisesa of the Sangha. For monks, if there are acts similar to the four prohibitions of the nuns' later gender, they can be cured, and for nuns, if they violate those acts, they must leave a serious psychological harm. masonry for spiritual life. II. HOW TO ASSESS THE BEHAVIOR / SPEAK 3 1. Based on the Sutra Sutra He performs an action, words and ideas corresponding to the ten realities called sin. "The Sutra of the First Person" (No. 27) in the Sutra School: "Hey Andsettha, there is a Siddhartha-murderer who killed him, take of not give, have evil deeds, lie, say two tongues, say evil speech, say frivolous words, have a greedy mind, have a mind of anger, and have wrong views. And Settha, those dharmas are akusala and are called akusala; they are sinful and are called guilty; those dharma should not be practiced and called dharmas should not be maintained; those dharma are not worthy of the Dhamma and are called inadequate; those dharmas are black and black; those dharma are reproved by the wise person. " Sutra of Sutra, chapter 2, product of Penalty, Buddha says there are two types of sins: "One is the sin that results in the present, and the sin results in the next." 1 That is, do a wrong act harassment must be punished by the regime of the contemporary regime; the second is subject to the cause and effect of life after death. 2. The Vinaya - A Bhikkhu-stilts / Bhikkhu-Bhikkhu violates one of the precepts (The Precepts / Priests) depending on the extent to which the impeachment is heavy or light. The Vinaya in 6 traditions all agree on the rules of behavior and words to determine the crime. Each law, although different in gender, is basically the same in terms of type and treatment. There are 7 groups depending on the level of influence on the performers or the society, but the 7 figures are set to help the offender to adjust. In summary, there are 7 groups of crimes, similar to the precepts of the precepts of the world.2 Seven groups of crimes according to the Sangha of the Four-part law are as follows: Ba-la-di (4 kingdoms, annihilating, expelling), Sang ruin (13 gender damage, up to 6 nights Maanana / Italian wedding), 2 circles of uncertainty (Thau-lan-price, depending on the case of expulsion or 6 nights of Mannaan) 3, Ni Three-month period 1 - See appendix. 2View a summary of the Bhikkhu-stilts (Binh An Son) posted on the Budhasasana website. 3 For the monks and nuns who are condemned to this crime, they must practice the law for half a month and with the time of hiding the crime. When you commit a crime, you must meet the 20 monks and 20 monks and nuns. 4 problems (30 world break the bar, discharge), Three-subject (single, 90 world, penitential 4), Threads-xáni (4 measures too late), Punched sand-la (100 measures) Penitence / Study of Dharma) 5. In this condemnation, the lawyer must be a master of the precepts, and have a reasonable situation. If you are not smart, it is very easy to fall into the wrong case, not to be guilty and not to help the wrongdoer, but can push people to commit suicide. Refer to the essential precepts of TT. Nhut Chieu (District 7) from page 467 - 477 will be clear. - Five against sin: (Pañcānantarya): Five great sins, If anyone commits one of these five offenses, then after the death of the general body, it will fall to hell. Even if there is penance, it must be fallen into hell, and this life cannot attain the sacred fruits. Five offenses are: 1. Making the Buddha's body blood (like Devadatta) embracing the Buddha, hiding on the top of Linh Tu mountain rolling stone to kill the Buddha, but due to dread of the Buddha's merit, the piece of stone only makes Buddha's feet injured bleeding. 2. Kill A-la-Han (is one who has achieved virtue, virtue and wisdom in a fullness). 3. Kill mother; 4. Kill the father (which is a great favor for him); 5. Breaking the Sangha (as Devadatta seeks to divide the Sangha, mobilize the monks to follow him). Those people after the death of the common body will fall into hell A-Bhikkhu (Avīci Nairaka). Real contact, those who slander monks, split the great unity block of the monks, causing the monks to lose their inherent harmony, he was seen as having committed a serious crime, falling to hell. - Failure to oppose the crime: 七 逆 罪 also calls the old-fashioned or old-fashioned, referred to as "Conflict", only for 7 felonies, which are unethical behaviors. Once the offender is dead, he will not be ordained forever (old guilty), permanently not attending to renunciation. Seven crimes are: 1. Making Buddha's body bleed. 2. Kill the father. 3. Kill mother. 4. Kill the Venerable Master. 5. Kill Achet. 6. Breaking the list-turning the Dharma of the Sangha. 7. Kill the Saints. In this new Mahayana scriptures this is misleading. 4 In the tradition of the Shamanism, it is treated by kneeling. 5 Repentance with a monk or self-righteous. 6 In the Bodhisattva of the Vajrayana (the 8th Precept), breaking the Sangha harmony is even more clearly attributed to the support of the ideology of the faction, also of the Crime of Sin. 5 - Crime of slandering the Sangha. At one time, World Religion stayed in Savatthi at Jetavana in Anathapindika's garden. Then Male-stilts Kokaliya denounced false religious Sariputta and Moggalana. After leaving the Exalted place for not long, Female stilts are pitted with mustard seeds, peas, stones, apples ... they eventually rupture pus, pus and blood flow. And due to this affliction, Kokaliya is destined to fall into the Sen Hong hell with hatred for the venerable Sariputta and Moggalana. - Felony and misdemeanor. Crime of crime is a violation of the Three-la-di gender, Sangha for Thanh Vanworld. For the world of Bodhisattva Mahayana, it violates the great precepts, tends to nature and harm throughout society. The number of Bodhisattvas in the Mahayana tradition in Vietnam / China differs from that of Bodhisattva in the Kim Cang tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. These precepts are only vows to maintain life, There is no requirement, so there is no specific penalty for committing these crimes. According to the article "The meaning of the life of the Good and the Bodhisattva 6 Ba Mat Mat, and teach others to abolish Bat Nha Ba La Mat; destroying one's own body and mind, and causing others to sabotage their body; I don't believe in myself, I don't know Bat Nha Ba La Mat, and I don't make others believe that I don't know the meaning of Bat Nha Ba La Mat; It is like using poison to kill yourself, and poisoning others. This relics Loi Phat! For this kind of people, we don't want to hear the name, let alone see them or want to stay with them. Why? Because this class of people defiled the dhamma, fallen into darkness, confusion. Whoever listens to this class of people, believes in using them, must also receive immeasurable suffering. This relics! Such a person who breaks Bat Nha Ba La Mat is also called a class of people who break the law. 9 - Some precepts of the Bodhisattva of Mahayana should be noted: + Crime of destroying the (Mahayana) Mahayana: This crime is only recorded in the Mahayana scriptures. The original Sutras (Nikaya) do not have the Mahayana concept, so there is no impeachment. Obviously self-destructing (praising me for humiliating people) is not recommended. In the Southern scriptures many times the Buddha mentioned this error, but absolutely no place to record errors related to Mahayana scriptures. + Crime "Considering contempt for Thinh Van excess, making other people's opinions wrong by saying that the practice of Hinayana teachings does not lead to Nirvana" (This precept is the 14th of the 18 precepts of the Bodhisattva precepts). of the Dalai Lama. Thus, this world version compared to the items recorded in some of the writings of Mahayana much more positively, solving a problem of sectarian Buddhism and Mahayana arises. 3. The basis of Abhidharma (based on feeling, knowledge and support factors) 9 The next paragraph: "He relics the Buddha and Buddha: Bach The Sun! The offender violates the law to break such laws, must be large or small body? Buddha teaches: This is the relics! Should not say yourself big or small. Why? Because the legal breaker has to live with immeasurable suffering, does not distinguish the big body or the small body? This kind of people, when they heard me sin like that, suffered such a report, or died of a heart attack; or frightened, anxious, painful like being hit by an arrow in the heart, which gradually withered to death. He benefits from the White Buddha: White World Religion! Pray for the Buddha to teach, so that the latter can know that the sin of destroying the Prajñāya is a sin. Buddha teaches: This is the relics! Those who commit felony cancel the Bat Nha Ba La Mat must endure immeasurable misery in the great hell. He went to the Buddha's White House: White World Religion! Therefore, the good and the good and the pure mind, when you hear the profound meaning of the Three Noble Truths, it is immediately taken to be the only place; I'd rather die, never dare to destroy the righteousness. Why? Because they thought that if they annihilated Bat Nha Ba La Mat, it would have to take countless suffering. ” 7 Of the 12 akusala cittas, creating negative karma will result in the light weight as follows: Tam Tho Hy has heavier fruits than Tho Xả mind. The mind of the Tà has more weight than Ly Ta's mind. The helpless mind has a heavier result than the helplessness. For karma (Kamma) or action to create results, the part is mainly intentional, intentional (or private ownership - "Cetanā"). Buddha language: "Cetanānaṃ Bhikkhavekammaṃ vadāmi" (The monks, Karma is Private Property). Therefore, if strong intentional will give weight and vice versa. The mind does evil with delight (Longevity), of course there will be deliberate stronger than the mind with normal feeling (Long discharge); or the mind that has the wrong idea (The Devil), there is the more deliberate intention of the unconscious mind (Lying evil); the mind that arises quickly (helplessness) will be deliberate, has a stronger mind than the mind which arises with the help of many times (Assisted) because it requires motivation, the helpful mind often gives birth to personality awkward so the intention in this mind is very weak. 4. Based on the late sutras and the prize * The Sutra of the Bhikkhu-stilts (Minlindapañha), a scriptures born at the beginning of the first century Western calendar asks the question: The wise do little or more evil More plagues than fools? (translation by Cao Huu Dinh) .10 Who is aware / guilty or who doesn't know sin, who is worse? Nagasena answered that those who do not know that action, are wrong, so the sin is worse (in terms of karma), Because I did not know that it was creating a crime (rogue), so I could do more. In the case of knowing that the law still violates the law is another case, it is considered in terms of cetanā (motivation). Larger engines are heavier, heavier, and bigger. Even if the engine does not deliberately commit a crime, but social responsibility as the same violation, but Bhikkhu-stilts and Sa-di have different sanctions. Considering the case of the wise person guilty, they are more likely to give birth to repentance and repentance, and they may not do it again the next time. And the fool, they do not know that it is an error so they continue to do it, so it is easy to sink into sin without being good. But if they were the ones who understood the law, but because of Decree 10. See Appendix 1. 8 weak and weak forces, knowing that it was an error that kept working forever, the crime was as heavy as a fool. And in terms of punishment, indeed they deserve a heavier punishment, but for the law of cause and effect, every action that comes with the motive is the same as the fool or the wise. * Buddhaghosa's prize (Buddha Yin / Buddha) lived at the beginning of the fifth century Western calendar. To judge an action, whether a word is guilty or not, Buddhaghosa - one of the great monks11, the most famous of Southern Buddhism, gave five elements: Subject, object, motive, effort and results. These five elements can be applied to every behavior, move, language ... in everyday life. However, the four precepts of Bala-dias are often used by commentators to consider and conclude that the offenses are heavy or light as follows. 4.1. The First Precept: Lust / Adultery / Misfortune in Sex 12 (1) Subject: Consciousness is present, not crazy or mental. Depending on the product (Bhikkhu-stilts, Sa-di, apprentice), gender (Bhikkhu-stilts, Bhikkhu-stilts-ni), qualifications (educated or uneducated), age (adolescent or mature, senile). - Sa-di sexually assaulted with a woman, expelled from the Sa-di impersonation, but if earnestly practicing, then it can be re-ordained and ordained. But if sex with a Bhikkhu-ni-ni is forever not renunciation in the Dhamma (because Bhikkhu-khưu-ni is a woman protected by the dharma). - If the Bhikkhu-khưu, even though sex with any object: male, female, female, female preta ... are destroyed, or if determined to expand repentance, then Sa-di lifetime. (2) Subjects: People (wife / husband, lover, female / male, female half-boy / male sex, Bhikkhu-ni-ni, female priest, female lay, female yaksha, cattle birth). 11 Nagasena, Buddhaghosa, Dhammapāla, ... 12 About Sa-di of Theravada, the first precept is still killing, while, The precepts of Dharmaguptaka (which Mahayana sustains) bring sex into the forefront. 9 - If the Bhikkhu-stilts touched women who only committed Crime 10 According to the Law on Comfort Sa-di of TT. Giac Giac (posted on Buddhasasana's network), in order to condemn sex for a Sa-di, it is due to meeting the four genera (aṅga): a. Bhedanavatthu, lodged for sex, one of 30 lodges. b. Sevanacittam, has a mind to act. c. Tajjo vāyāmo, try to act. d. Maggena maggappaṭipādanaṃ, has lodged his lodge in another lodge. 4.2. The Second Precept - Theft (1) The object has the holder (parapariggahitaṃ) / The object (valuables or no value) Personal object: misdemeanor; collective objects: serious crime. Individual objects have 2: objects of the layman: misdemeanor; object of monastic: heavy crime. Personal objects can be analyzed into 5 objects: human, Save, Endless, Endless, No-Life. The higher the saint, the heavier the crime. High-value objects: heavy crime; Low value items: misdemeanor. Taking objects of people with virtue: heavy crime; people with less moral virtue: misdemeanors. Collective objects: Objects of the Sangha group (from 2-3 Sa-di or Bhikkhu-stilts), objects of Sang (from 4 monks and above). (2) Knowing things with the owner to keep (parapariggahitaññitā) / Consciousness is To know who the owner of the object is, at the same time understand the owner who is keeping it. In case of picking up falling objects, who do not know of it, they will not commit the transgressions, but if they know that object, they will try to take the offense. (3) Intentional (theyya cittaṃ) / Intentional (planning) Accumulate the story of the Dhammapada 409 with the story of the bhikkhu A-la-Han who picked up the cloth that was exposed on the fence, was brought up Buddha and confirmed innocent. (4) Try to get (cepakkamo) / Effort: Perform the planned actions. 11 (5) Obtained by that effort (jena haranaṃ). Including 2 cases: (1) Take away, (2) Move the original position. The story of the Bhikkhu-stilts has moved the cloth with the engine will take. Buddha taught him to commit the crime of killing and exiting the Sangha. As in Tibet-law (Bhikkhu Vibhaṅga) has recorded: The Male-stilts remove water from one field to the other, committed to pārājika (annihilated) about the sin of adinnādāna (taken by not for). According to TT's Comfort Law Sa-di. Giac Giac, a stealing act, called a crime, must meet the five genera (aṅga): (i) Parapariggahitam, whose owner is the owner. (ii) Parapariggahitasaññita, known to be the owner. (iii) Theyyacittam, whose mind wants to steal. (iv) Upakkamo, try to get it. (v) Tena haranaṃ, which has been taken away from that place due to that effort. Meeting all the five genera is called breaking the precepts. Sa-di violates what the theft is guilty of deportation (Nāsanaṅga). 4.3. Murder (1) Subject: The killer has consciousness (knowing beings have lives = Pāṇo). The person who is conscious depends on the life-threatening product. In other words, depending on the position of each person, the crime is heavy or light. (2) Object: Living beings (pāṇāsaññitā): gods, people (moral or unethical, ...), non-human, animal-born (high-minded animals or animals that have low consciousness, etc.). (3) Motivation (Cetanā): Intention to kill (vaddhakacittaṁ). (4) Effort: Force to kill (upakkamo). (5) Result: That being dies due to the effort (tena maranaṁ). 12 According to TT's Comfort Law Sa-di. Giac Giac, called "killing" means killing or cutting off an organism's life. The intention of killing 5 chi (aṅga) is: a. Pāoo, the creature is the thing that is awake. b. Pāṇasaññitā, know that it is a creature. c. Vadhakacittaṃ, have the mind to kill. d. Upakkamo, trying to kill in any way. e. Tena maranaṃ, the creature that died because of that murder. Meeting all of these five genera is called breaking gender, learning things; if only the act of missing one or two limbs, it is called a tearful world, an impure gender. 4.4. The 4th Precept - Lie (1) Subject: A layman or a monk, big or small. For example, Bhikkhu-stilts lie I have witnessed the result of A-la-Han dynasty without witnessing the instant being guilty of murder, expelled from the Sangha. In the case of a layman saying so, there is no law to punish that person, but he will receive karmic retribution. (2) Objects: Buddha or A-la-Han, ordinary people or monks, teachers or friends. In the case of Mrs. Ciñcā slandering the Buddha, she was withdrawn. The young Rahula case liked to lie for fun, rebuked by the Buddha. (3) Motive: For fear of others knowing the error, fear of being punished or for playing, harming others or for the sake, love .... For example: As a Bhikkhu-khưu transgressions, saying the violation of his position with the purpose of losing the benefit of the other falls into unwholesome, and the mind does not fall into sin, it is good. (4) Efforts: Accidentally, smoothly or mindfully, planning .... (5) Results: Other people misunderstand the truth, the audience is misleading, biased, .... However, in each of the four measures related to evil language, each of the measures may have its own criteria for evaluation. 13 According to TT's Comfort Law Sa-di. Giac Giac "Calling" lie "means saying what is not true by being deliberately deceiving others, telling others to believe in the wrong, even lying to joke". The lie of transgressions when meeting 4 genera (aṅga): a. Atathaṃvatthu, things are not true. b. Visaṃvādanacittam, have the mind to tell the truth. c. Tajjo vāyāmo, try to say wrong. d. Parassa tadatthavijānānaṃ, has made others understand like that. If you meet all 4 of them, you will be called offense. Sa-di violates the lie that is guilty of deportation (nāsanaṅga). 5. According to the scholar Nandasena Ratnapala Among the scholars studying this issue, Mr. Nandasena Ratnapala, 15 in Crime and Punishment in the Buddhist Tradition, p. 60 lists 7 factors to judge crime and not guilt: 1. Intentional 2. Planning / planning programs 3. Stages of progress to achieve goals 4. Means of use 5. Products substance of the victim 6. Final result 7. The attitude of the offender later. Mr. Nandasena Ratnapala, 15 in Crime and Punishment in the Buddhist Tradition, p. 60 lists 7 factors to judge crime and not guilt: 1. Intentional 2. Planning / planning programs 3. Stages of progress to achieve goals 4. Means of use 5. Products substance of the victim 6. Final result 7. The attitude of the offender later. Mr. Nandasena Ratnapala, 15 in Crime and Punishment in the Buddhist Tradition, p. 60 lists 7 factors to judge crime and not guilt: 1. Intentional 2. Planning / planning programs 3. Stages of progress to achieve goals 4. Means of use 5. Products substance of the victim 6. Final result 7. The attitude of the offender later.END=NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=THICH CHAN TANH.GOLDEN AMITABHA MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.5/5/2019.VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.GOLDEN AMITABHA MONASTERY=.