What is the Sanskrit Tripitaka?VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.

Sanskrit, also known as Sanskrit, was born very early and has many developed works. This is the most brilliant literary development of Indian literature, and is powerful enough to survive today.

During the process of formation and development, Sanskrit literature must go through three periods, and the third period is the period of Buddhist literature. Buddhist literature has two main arrays, namely Pali and Sanskrit. In it, Sanskrit literature appeared later. According to researchers, it may appear from the sectarian period, along with the development of Mahayana Buddhism.

The Sanskrit version of Devīmāhātmya on the leaf, in the ancient style of Bhujimol, of Bihār or Nepāl, in the 11th century

After the Buddha passed away for more than two centuries, the literary works of Buddhism in the early period were written partly in Sanskrit and partly by the dialect of Central India, and then assimilated into Sanskrit. it was dubbed "Mixed Sanskrit". Because it is mixed with Prākrit, not pure Sanskrit, which is probably found in the application of two academic centers at Nālanda and Takkasilā University (Taxila), in the North and Northwestern India.

Around the beginning of the 2nd century BC (BC), Sanskrit Buddhist literature began to appear purely, especially in the schism of the Buddhist congregation. Except for the first three Episcopal Tripitaka, perhaps it must be mentioned that the Fourth Episcopal Congress was held in Kāśmīra (Ke Tan, Pakistan today) about the post-sale of the first century SCN (after the Cong original) under the presidency of Mr. Vasumitra (The Friendship) and the support of King Kaniska (Caña-rupa), which is not mentioned in the annals of Ceylon; because Theravādins (the Venerable followers) did not attend and did not accept this Congress. Unfortunately, the Abhidharma of other schools has been lost, except for texts that are still maintained in Sri Lanka, China and Tibet, which are the Abhidharma of the Theravāda (Venerable) and Śarvāstivāda (necessarily organic).

The schools from the Theravada gradually developed into Mahāsanghikā (Great mass) and from there it is marked by a historical milestone of the appearance and appearance of Mahayana Buddhism around the 1st century BC and the century I SCN. In the early period, because of the strong development of mission teams from India to neighboring countries, Sanskrit was translated into several different languages, such as Tibetan and Chinese.

The Sanskrit literature of Mahayana Buddhism really came from the Second Congress, formed and developed at the Fourth Congress. In addition, some Sanskrit Buddhist writings actually appeared in the 2nd century BC, making Pali faint and weak.

Although there were some debates in the two assemblies, there were some arguments about the law and the argument, but not yet strongly developed. It was not until the 2nd century BC that the Sanskrit Buddhist literature began to influence strongly and was popular, from then until the 4th century SCN became more and more developed and greatly influenced all over Indian territory. , even lasting until the 12th century.

In order to record the teachings of the Buddha, Pali Tripitaka (P-Tipitaka; S-Tripitaka) was compiled from the Third Class Congress, from which it was spread and became popular. place. Pali Tripitaka is an important foundation for comparison or research when discussing, or comparing with the canon of Mahayana Buddhism and has also provided many practical and popular practice methods.

The Mahāvastu set in Sanskrit and Prākrit (Indian dialect) of Lokottaravāda (The Excellency theory), the offspring of Mahāsanghika, was formed around the 2nd century BC. During the 3rd Congress, Kathāvatthu (Controversial points) was compiled in Pali, but only related to Theravāda. Particularly, Congress IV was held in Kāśmīra, about the post-sale of the 1st century AD, but Theravāda did not attend. There are many reasons why Theravāda did not attend the Fourth Congress that they happened before, including dissent and interpretation of different precepts, as well as the appearance of some the work belongs to the Sanskrit literature of Mahayana Buddhism.

Overview of Sanskrit Vinaya

The history of Sanskrit Vinaya is probably at the time of the schism of the Buddhist congregation. Not only in literary ideology, but also on the process of developing Vinaya of prominent schools such as Sarvāstivāda, Lokottaravāda as the basis for transitioning from Hinayana to Mahayana through the gate and bridge of Mahasanghikā. Sanskrit (with the Indian dialect - Prākrit) is the most important and perfect in the laws of other schools is Mahāvastu.

Mahāvastu (Dai Su)

The most important is the Mahāvastu set of Lokottaravādins (followers of the Exodus), also called Caityakas, the offspring of Mahāsanghikas. Mahāvastu tells us about the precursors of the Buddha as well as many other doping problems, especially in his history, which were considered as the main theme that contributed greatly to the development of Dai. legacy later. In the main content, this set is similar to Nidānakathā in Pali, recording the biography of Buddha, whose life may be divided into three periods:

- The life of a Bodhisattva at the time of Dīpankara Buddha (Nhien Dang), and recounted his appearance in the past.

- Introduction tells us that the Bodhisattva is staying at the Tusita heavenly palace, and determines the reincarnation of the fetus of Ma-gia; recounting extraordinary things since the Prince was born, the renunciation, the submission to the demonic forces and finally he was enlightened at the Bodhi tree.

- Like the main characteristics of the Mahāvagga of the Tibetan organs, Mahāvastu relates to the transformation and the first talks of the congregation as well as the history of the formation of the monastic community. This is why it belongs to the Vinaya.

In addition, Mahāvastu is a work that defines art and literature, but is no less complicated - because of the lack of logic and the examples of the precursor of the Buddha are dogmatic. In addition, the same precursor story, which often repeated up to several times, was originally prose but later with shelf spells; Its language is not unified, even if the shelf is too old-fashioned because it's less common.

In terms of doctrine, Mahāvastu maintains many ancient traditions and teachings of the Buddha, such as: all worldly dharmas are not real, and all dharmas are real, not merely spears. The particular characteristic of Lokottaravādins (those who export the world) such as Catvāri-ārya-satyāni (Four truths), Asta-āryā-mārga (Eightfold Path), Pratītyasamūtpada (Pratyekabuddha), Anitya (Impermanence) about the formation of a being (aggregates), not being of the soul (ātman) ...

Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya (The Basics of Theory of Monks and Sisters)

The Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya of the Most Precept set includes many Buddhist legends concerning the Conference in Kashmir and Northwestern India. This Mūla-sarvāstivāda, according to Nalinaksha Dutt, was discovered in Gilgit.

Like Mahāvastu of Lokottaravādins, Mūlasarvāstivāda introduces many situations related to the lives of the Buddha. Mūlasarvāstivāda includes 15 chapters of Vinaya. On the basis of the Mūlasarvāstivāda law, some legends in Divyāvadāna are mostly borrowed from it.

Overview of Sanskrit Sutra

Approximately 5 centuries after the Buddha died, Mahayana Buddhism began to appear and develop. In parallel with this development, the writings of Mahayana also appeared in turn, which contributed greatly to the spread of Dharma, benefiting from humanity, just as the instructions and the welfare of beings of the Blessed One nearly 26 centuries ago.

In the opinion of many scholars, Mahayana does not have a single possession of its own because of the simple reason that Mahayana does not represent a unified school at all. In contrast to the passage of time, there is indeed an explanation of the Fourth Classics General Assembly held in Kāśmīra, but this issue is still questionable; not knowing what scriptures were established at this congress, if so, in what language and which school do they belong?

Meanwhile, a Chinese text translated by Xuanzang related to Bodhisattva-pitaka, consists of a long list of Mahayana translations, a Vinaya and a commentary, and similar. There are also a lot of categories with a lot of Mahayana scriptures. However, through the effort to classify the Mahayana scriptures and Sanskrit, according to Nepál, there are only nine sutras, which are called Vaipulya-sūtras (the Sutra / Quang Sutras). These nine sutras are: Astasāhasrikā-prajñā-pāramitā (Bat-elegant products), Saddharma-pundarīka-sūtra (Sutra Sutra), Lalitavistara-sūtra (Kinh Dai Trang Nghiem), Lankāvatāra or Saddharmalankāvatāra-sūtra, Suvarna-prabhāsa-sūtra (Kinh Kim Quang Minh), Gandavyūha-sūtra (Chinese Sutra Sutra), Tathāgata-guhyaka or Tathāgata-gunajñāna-sūtra,

If based on legend, it is said that the first Gandavyūha-sūtra Buddha (the Sutra Sutra), but because of the supreme sense of meaning, the whole assembly at that time was bewildered, only a few Bo slaps supreme supremacy can attain; For this reason, after observing the essence of all sentient beings, he began to lecture the Āgama (A Ham), Prajñā (Bat Nha), Vaipulya (Phuong Dang), Saddharma-pundarīka (Phap Hoa) and Mahāirirvāna. (Nirvana).

Overview of Sanskrit Organism

The birth of Abhidharma marked a period of prosperity of Buddhism, after the Buddha entered Nirvana for a few centuries. The comment means to like the dharma, which clearly shows the duty of the dharma, that there is a need to discriminate to the meaning of the said and corrected canonical or final interpretation. In addition, Luan also points to the argument, which is due to the question of the parable. Comment organism is the essay is the Patriarch, the Great Doctors or Tripitaka Dharma of the Buddhist discussion, first, wide commentary of the organ of Tathagata in the Sutra or in Law. The essays explain and present many different areas of Buddhism, such as psychological, educational and metaphysical issues ...

In contrast to the passage of time, it must be said that the Abhidharma is present from the time of Buddha's money generation, now not by writing but by oral transmission; because it is only circulated and expressed, discussing and explaining the meaning that the Buddha has made. However, the Dhamma that the Buddha had said so much was too sublime and miraculous, jagged and profound; meanwhile, the nature of the congregation is disagreeable, some are capable of understanding and meeting; others cannot.

That dharma, therefore, needs to have outstanding and intelligent disciples such as Xa Loi Phat, Phu Lau Na, or Uu Ba Li ... to replace him to explain in full and in more detail. , in order to help listeners whose identity is stagnant, or their ability to meet slowly as well as low intellect can understand.

Similarly, after the Buddha annihilated, his profound teachings and his sacraments were all due to the analysis or explanation or explanation of the clear meaning of Abhidharma, oral transmission or the same statement. Without Abhidharma it is difficult to attain the sutra and the core of the sutra. The Buddhist treatise is very much, deeper and broader than the ocean. It turns out to be the Great Doctors, or the famous Tripitaka of Buddhism, such as: Aśvaghosa (Ming) before the Mahāyānaśraddhotpāda śāstra (The Great Mahayana Comment); Nāgārjuna (Long Life, 150 - 250) with the work Mādhyamika-śāstra (Trung Quán Luận); Maitreya (Maitreya) with Madhyānta-vibhāga-kārikā (Biện Trung Trung Argument - also called Bien Trung Bien Tung, Trung Bien Biet Dung, or Trung Bien Tung); Āsanga (Vô Tiên) with the work Mahāyānasamparigraha (Luan Vien Dai Thua);

The role of Sanskrit Tripitaka in Sanskrit literature

Although it was born later than the Veda era literature, but the influence of Buddhist literature also developed equally. As part of Sanskrit literature, Buddhist scriptures also mention a lot about Indian history and culture; Not only that, Buddhist scriptures also continue to develop literary genres such as poetic examinations, long texts in prose, etc. Therefore, it is shown that besides the literary value, Buddhist scriptures also carry many other historical values, ancient Indian weathering, are valuable resources for later Indian studies.

The emergence of Buddhism and Sanskrit classics has enriched Sanskrit literary treasures. At the same time with its birth, Buddhism has made a large philosophical thought system with many diverse areas, which motivated many different literary lines to develop. Besides diverse genres, Buddhist sutras also use a lot of artistic tactics, making Sanskrit literature more vivid with many colors. The development stage of Buddhist literature appeared also made the development of the Sanskrit literature more brilliant.

Conclude

Sanskrit literature was born as a cultural crystallization of the Indian country, a literature that expresses the history of a nation, thereby expressing the philosophical thought systems of the text. Indo-Hang. The study of Sanskrit language and Sanskrit literature shows us the history of the development of a country, so it is really useful for historians. It is not only a rare precious historical resource but also has great spiritual values, affecting the spiritual and spiritual life of a large area like Tibetans, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam ...

In terms of studying Sanskrit scriptures, the Sanskrit language is a means of fully conveying Buddhist ideological systems, especially the Buddhist Mahayana system. The contribution of classics and especially the Tripitaka system of Mahayana scriptures has made Sanskrit literature a step further, not only in terms of ideology but also in terms of artistic means. The use of the Sanskrit language to convey Buddhist scriptures appeared later, but achieved a great deal of success, built this standard Sanskrit system, with specific Sanskrit and Buddhist grammatical structures. correction.

Tripitaka Sanskrit classics are not only valuable in terms of religion, but also have excellent literary value. It is an ancient literature, preserved and handed down from generation to generation today. Sanskrit scriptures are the crystallization, convergence of ancient Indian philosophical ideas, the basis of development for later doctrines, especially for Buddhism.

Therefore, it can be said that the contribution of religious literature, especially Buddhism, to the Indian Sanskrit literature is immense, the sutras, the religious praises have enlivened. more for literature that is inherently arid, philosophical. In other words, Buddhist literature in general and Sanskrit classics in particular, are the most brilliant flowers, with many colors and the most suffocating sweetness in the Sanskrit literature garden and Indian literature. END=NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=THICH CHAN TANH.GOLDEN AMITABHA MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.3/3/2019.