Buddhist Sects in India Buddhist Sects In India

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Chapter I 

Political background from King A Soap 
 to Mahapadma Nanda

The first was held shortly after the Buddha entered Nirvana (486 BC) in the eighth year of the reign of King Ajatasattu, who ruled for 32 years, from 493 AD. Soavo expanded his father's territory beyond Magadha and ruled Anga, Kasi, and other parts of the Vajjian Federation. The Buddhist sect said that initially Ajatasatru not have much sympathy with the Buddha and his teachings, but after the king changed his mind and became a protector of Buddhism, wholeheartedly help e ỡ  for First Assembly.

The Mahavamsa and Manjusrimulakalpa have said that Aśvagho pha encouraged the new Buddhism but did not say he was interested in spreading Buddhism.

UDAYIBHADDA (461-445 TR TL)

According to Buddhist sources and sources, but not according to the book "Purana", Ajatara was succeeded by his son Udyibhadda. He reigned for 16 years, since 567 TL. Manjusrimulakalpa said that, like his patron, he not only worshiped PG but also collected the teachings of the Buddha. But this book also states that after the Buddha's passing away, his teachings will be degraded, the kings will dispute with each other and the monks will preoccupate with worldly affairs, confess one another, and lack of selfconstruct. Monks and laypeople will decline morally, prefer to argue for no benefit, and be jealous of each other. Prayer will prevail, and people will return to Brahmanism, kill animals for sacrifices, and practice bad deeds. If these contradictory details in Manjusrimulakalpa are considered together with the mysterious silence of the Sri Lankan history of Udayibhadda's operation, one may have guessed that the king did not favor much PG. The book adds that although there will be some good people, gods and non-humans will continue to worship relics and despite PG recession, there will be eight monks to uphold the Dhamma, which is the master of Sariputra, Mandgalyayana Mahakasya, Subhuti, Rahula, Nanda, Bhadrika and Kaphina. 

The Tibetan scholar, Bu-ston, writes that the Buddha's right to protect the dharmas of Mahatma Gandhi, who passed on to Ananda, Mandgalyaya, and Ananda, passed away during the reign of King A Soap. Ananda teaches her student Sanavasiha to protect her after she passes away, and then performs the ordination ceremony for Upagupta, a native of Mathura. Ananda says that according to the meaning of the Buddha, Upagupta will become a Buddha, but not with all the qualities of a Buddha Sense Buddha (Sambuddha). 

Just before the death, Ananda also passed on the teachings of five hundred Brahmanical monks, headed by Madhyantika, who gave him the practice of spreading Buddhism in Kashmir. The Sri Lankan History does not mention Madhyantika and his activities in Kashmir.  

UNURUDDHA AND MUNDA (445-437 p. TL) 

After reigning for sixteen years (461-445) Udayibhadda was succeeded by his son Anurudda. All the rule of Anuruddha and his son Munda was only eight years  (445-437 BC). In "Divyavadana" Munda is considered the king of kings Udayibhadda, and not drop y  say anything to the king Anuruddha. In the Anguttara Nikaya, King Munda came to meet Bhikkhu Narada when queen Bhaddha passed away. In Pataliputta, he heard Bhagavan Narada lecture on the impermanence of sentient beings and beings. The "Paristaparvan" of the Encyclical writes that a prince disguised as a Sasha novice killed Udayin. Professor Chattopadhyaya guessed that this novice was King Munda.   

NAGADASAKA (437-413 tr TL) 

Munda succeeds his son, Nagadasaka. He ruled for 24 years and was the last king of the king to start with Bimbisara. The book of the island of Ceylon states that all the successors of Qin Sha'ula are the kings who killed their father, the truth is still to be revisited, but apparently the Buddhist discontent These kings, as evidenced by the book "Manjusrimulakalpa", say that PG has been declining during this half-century. The Madhyantika's departure from Kashmir to spread PG outside of Madagha is also indicative of the unrepresented popularity of PG in the local area where this religion originated. 

THE SISUNAGA 

The throne of Nagadasaka was appropriated by Sisunaga.According to the Uttara-Vihara atthakatha, Sisunaga was the son of a Licchavi prince in the Vaisali city and a female artist.Because he was adopted by an officer, he was later considered a son of a court official. The book "Malalankara-vatthu" says Sisunaga had a palace in the Vaisali, and then left the capital from Rajagaha to the Vaisali. He reigned for 18 years (413-395 BC), and was considered to have destroyed the Pradyota of the Avanti. In the PG books, no major events have occurred in PG history during the reign of King Sisunaga.

According to Sri Lankan history, Sisunaga's successor was his son, King Kalasoka (395-367 BC), according to the Sri Lankan history, while the Purana said his successor was Kakavarnin.Many scholars believe that these are two names of the same person. The "Asokavadana" ranks Kakavarnin after Munda, and does not say anything to Kalasoka, while Manjusrimulakalpa says that Visoka is Sisunaga's successor. In "Kathavatthu-atthakatha," Kalasoka was called Asoka. During the reign of Kalasoka, a great event in PG history took place, it was the second Buddhist Congregation .

According to the book "Mahabodhivamasa," the successor of Kalasoka is the ten children of Bradrasena, Korandavarna, Mangura,  S abbanjaha, Jalaka, Ubhaka, Sanjaya, Koravya, Nandivardhana and Pancamaka, ruling together for 22 years (367-345 ), but of "Puranas "  refer only to a mains i , which is Mandivardhana. the sources said another PG Kalasoka or Visoka was succeeded by his son is Surasena, who ruled for 17 years.

King  S urasena help e ỡ  brethren cardinal three years and offered a hundred items essential to all church tower (Caitya) on earth. The Tibetan historian Taranatha gave Arhat Sanavasika and the Yasa throne during the reign of King Surasena, and mentioned the arrival of Mahadeva with his  five  propositions during his reign.

The Surasana was succeeded by Nanda, who according to Tarantha was his son. Roll "Manjusrimulakalpa "  wrote King Nan was very strong, maintain a large force, and taking into Puspapura make their capital.  Ô ng is also considered to acquire wealth by sorcery. Based on a story In this book, the historian Jayaswal said that at first Nan Da was an officer of the previous king, and he belonged to a lower class, but was a leading man in the community. he became the king of Magadha (Magadha).  Ô ng protection brethren in Kasi for several  years Officials in his court were Brahmins, and he also gave much of their wealth. In the example of his teacher, he dedicated the relics of the Buddha, King Nan reign for 20 years, and when he died  in  66, he was a devout Buddhist.

In the time of Nan Da, Naga praised the  five  propositions of Mahadeva, which led to the division of the four sects. In addition, the Taranatha historian states that during the reign of Asoka, Kalasoka, there was a Brahmin named Vatsa (Vatsiputra) in Kashmir, who was very illiterate. O ng tend to talk about the theory of self-self (Atmaka), often rove to convince naive people believed in his teachings and causing disharmony within the sangha. It is known that the Vatsiputriya is one of the four sects, and that this sect appears sooner rather than later, but is recognized only as a separate sect during the reign of Nan-dynasty.

Both Taranatha and Bunton say that the successor of his son, Mahapadma, a devotee of the Buddha, provided the monks in Kusumapura with all the necessities. for life. The historians add that Vararuci and Panini, who were mandarins in the court of Nan Da, continued to work for King Mahapadma, but the king hated and killed Vararuci.  To Chuo c  error  rag t  a Brahmin king Mahapadma built d u ng 24 monasteries. Historian Taranatha says that during his time a Naga monk named Sthiramati caused further division within the sangha by promoting his teachings.

Raichaudhury and other scholars classified Nananda after the birth of King Kalasoka. Based on "Manjusrimulakalpa", Jayaswal placed King Surasena after King Kalasoka. It may be S urasena, the chief son of Kalasoka. We know that after the second set of Kalasoka, the Sangha had many discord. Two commentator Vasubandhu (Vasumitra) and Thanh Bien (Bhavya / Bhavaviveka) as n mande  thing Mahadeva proposal is a major cause of this discord. Next to Mahadeva is Naga, then to  S thiramati doing propaganda work on the five propositions. Considering the succession of these monks, we can say that Kalasoka was succeeded by  SUrasena and Surasena by Nan Da. The Burmese historian writes that the obstacle appeared in the Sangha after the Buddha entered Nirvana for 137 years, thus during the reign of Nan-dynasty, and thus, according to Bunton as well as Taranatha, were rational when King Surasena between Kalasoka and Nanda, but perhaps two Tibetan historians have mistakenly called the Mahapadma Nanda, both of whom are Nada and Mahapadma, and that Mahapadma is the son of Nanda. Maybe after l ê n throne took the name Padma Mahapadma.

The "Manjusrimulakalpa" and two Tibetan historians provide us with interesting information about the time and activities of the famous linguists Panini and Vararuci. Panini was born in the parish of West Bhirukavana (maybe Northwest) and despite  the  one Mrs.  la  keeper, he turned to the PG. Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, he is talented in language studies (Sabdasastra, grammar). He wrote the famous book "Panini-vyakarana" and attained Sravakabodhi. Western scholars Weber, Maxmuller, Keith and others claim that Pasini lives between 350 and 300 million TL, which is the same time as Nan Da. PG historians seem to have been right to say that Nan Da and Panini lived the same time.

As far as Vararuci is concerned, we know he is a very learned scholar, and has written the teachings of the Buddha. Professor Belvalka has garnered much evidence that Vararuci is another name for Katyayana in  A indra. Tibetan historian Taranatha says that  AThe indra is considered to have preceded the Panini. Kaccayana's Pali grammar is also of this sect. Prof. Belvalka also wrote that Vararuci wrote many of the sermons. Vararuci, who was living in the same age as Nananda and Panini, and who, like the Mahakaccayana, also wrote the teachings of the Buddha. From the above, it can be concluded that disagreements in the Buddhist Sangha took place during the reign of Kalasoka and increased during the reign of King Surasena and King Mahapadma Nanda.

  Main Buddhist Centers 

The names of the monks and geographic information provided by the Second Coming Documentation help us to know the extent of the area affected by the Church. During the 8 chief Offer o  are considered tier leadership, which is Sabbkami, Salha, Revata, Khujjasobhita, Yasa, Sambhuta Sanavasi, Vasabhagamika and Sumana [1] . The first six are the disciples of Ananda, the latter two are Anuruddha's disciples. Ananda passed away at the end of the reign of King A So and so during the Second Conclave his disciples were already old. At that time, Sabbakami and Sanghatthera, but Revata was the recognized leader. In the Sankrit tradition, Sambbkami Sanavasi is considered as the head of the Church because she was chosen by Achan as her successor. Resources Did China show that he played the leading role in the discussions of the Combination. The Vaisali monks were of the eastern Indian kingdom, as did the Sabbakhs, Salha, Sahajati, Khujjasobhita and Vasabhagamika. Tibetan historian Bunton writes that Sabbakami resides in the Vaisali. Hsuanzhu claims that Khujjasobhita is a Pataliputra, while Salha is a Vaisali. It is not known whether Salha was a Sahaja or Vaisali at first. So Kalasoka initially supported the Vaisali, but later, due to the interference of his sister, Nanda Bhikkhu, he leaned towards the Westerners. In the early history of Buddhism, the Vaisali was described as a city full of non-virtuous thinkers and a center of followers of Nigantha Nataputta, the Jain teacher. So, in line with the tradition of this region, PG monks are unorthodox to find a place here.

Elders  Yasa  was the most dynamic and who caused the discord and follow Xuanzang, Yasa was Kosala, leaving Vaisali go Kosambi, held a sangha includes sixty monks origin Avanti, both in western . Yasa again accompanied them to the eldest Sambhuta Sanavasi of Mathura in Ahoganga. With this man they went to meet Revata (also in the West) of Kanauj in Soreyya, the fourth western monk was Sumana. So we see that there is a clear geographic distinction between monks. Yasa Kosala elders who initiated against acts Exploration of the monks of Vaisali, with h eg hard Revata of the Soreyya (Kanauji), Sambhuta Sanavasi of Mathura and Sumana (there is no record of their birth). This shows that the Western monks, Kausambi, Avanti, and Mathura, were more or less legitimate in respect of the precepts the elders had accepted. In the discussions of this gathering, although the Sabbhakami Sangha was not given the chairmanship, it also proved that he did not fully support the protests initiated by Yasa. As mentioned above, Salha was not the first, and perhaps the Patiliputra of Khujjashobhita also had this attitude. 

Professor Przyluski also recognizes the geographic distribution of monks, and states that there are three distinct centers, Vaisali, Kausambi and Mathura. Kausambi and all southwestern provinces became the territory of the Presbyterian, Mathura and the north-western ones were the Mahayana. So the Westerners in this collection were the so-called monks, who were later called Sthaviras and Sarvastivadins. Meanwhile, the easterners of the Vaisali will be of the Mahasangahikas and other tribes. Whatever the difference between the two break i  the east and west like, one thing is clear that at that time prevailed throughout PG d Arab i central India  A.from Avanti to Vaisali, and from Mathura to Kausambi. Perhaps the main center of PG was moved during that time from Rajagrha to Pataliputra, also the capital of Magadha. They also took Pataliputra as their main center. END=NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.20/7/2018.