JING YU LAN.

 

 

If measured from the time of King Emperor Wu of Liang held son Assembly Vu lan in Thai Copper pagoda in Datong Wednesday (538)¹, the festivities Vu lan of Buddhism in Northern media has had a history of formation nearly 1,500 years. With the length of history , has confirmed the dedication of the Festival , in the development of the culture of humanity in General and of Buddhism in particular.

However, not all events have the history are all close to the truth , whether it's an event the Festival of the Humanities as self holidays Vu lan. Therefore, sometimes in some Forum Buddhist studies have appeared skeptical about the origin, as well as fret about computer authentically of Artichoke spread.

Derived from the skepticism and distress, has urged us to make the proof of the origin as well as the process of the business through source, Vu Classic Tibetan and Han whether the Nikāya. That is the goal of this essay.

 

According to the statistics of Mr Hựu Increases in Export volumes signed tripiṭaka, vol. 2, in the category of economic Ministry due him 154 French Households in translation do not menstruate Vu lan⁴ . Not so, he Raises Hựu also discovered a business called Vu lan but unknown translators, should have put on the customs Front interior magazine business translation Editor⁵. Export the tripiṭaka signed file is one of the Nikaya 's first record, are learning about reviews of media material. In terms of the distance between the dates Mr. French Households and time of compiled files Export tripiṭaka signed volume is also quite near one another⁶. Therefore, the recorded of him Falling Hựu is also one of the important Note of the source texts Vu lan.

Have to say, the first recorded business Vu lan because he Talks Ma La Police (French Households) in translation, is the scholar business session Tuition Rooms. According to the modern Calendar Tam signed, vol. 6, in 210 Nikaya by French Households in translation, there is a menstruation Vu lan (盂蘭經)⁷. School Fee in the room is the author of the classic of the continental University Calendar Tam signed, statistical categories classics, since Buddhism in China until the last years of the emperor at the time of the opening era sui⁸. The work , in addition to ways to contribute actively in the statistics, rearrange the classics after the great distress of Chu Wu⁹, then there's also the term certainprocessing. According to him the mind Sharp in Kaiyuan like green education, tenth book, pointed out the ten mistakes of Tuition Room are reflected in the work of the modern Calendar TAM signed a¹⁰. Therefore, there are material due to Tuition Room recorded, to ensure objectivity, the need should check distribution from other trusted resources.

In the work of business law General Singularity, a collection of classics that are set up in the time of Emperor Wu of Liang (r. from 502-549), has a business version of the Vu. Survey shows similar to this, as his translations of French Households, but concentrated more than¹¹. According to the Catholic Corps preferred Kaiyuan, vol. 2, Vu lan Jing is also another name of the Vu lan Turkish economy, in 175 room of Mr. French Households, have a business .

In the work of the Buddhist theory of Vu lan Turkish economy coming into Office, Mr Tong Suite (780-841) for that, my Vu lan has a room with different names such as, at the time of Emperor Wuof Jin, had Magi Ma La Conversation Suicide (French Households-nv) room Vu lan Turkish economy, Emperor Hui, two time Mr. France Located and France created the room the cafe the Greek Scriptures, is the third Journalist grace (liturgical Turkish-nv) of business unknown room Let's assume¹². The work of the continental economy College Road the continental classics, vol. 9 also said that Yu lan Turkish economy, Greek Cafes , Newspaper printing to serve Turkish, Turkish business lan Vu level Net¹³ are the same.

In the Sanskrit Han first, the work necessarily sound economic sense¹⁴, due to Application of myths and Mr. Lam Wisdom compiled, also refers to menstruation Vu lan Turkish through the interpretation of the term is derived from the Sanskrit language as Wang Jingwei Yang (汪洋), bowl of la peace of Sanskrit (鉢羅和飯)¹⁵... was used in a business . Besides, there are also many term Sanskrit-Chinese from a business -complete Bowl late Greek Consulate as That promise (貰許), Reaching sấn (達嚫)¹⁶, the Reference values ( 栲治) was recorded in sound economic sense for, vol. 44.

From the above information has demonstrated that there was a Sanskrit texts Vu lan was circulated within the time you French Households, many translators interpreters with different names. The remarkable thing, in the room of Mr. French Households, have a a business name -Bowl complete late Greek bars¹⁷. According to, Kaiyuan like Catholic record, vol. 12, then the bowl of Nepal complete late Greek Consulate is Greek Cafe experience. And as analyzed, pubs, the Greek economy is another name of Vu lan.

As such, the facts Tuition Room noted that French Households doing Vu lan is the authentication information, the check was from many different data sources.

Contact affair and the turn between the lan and Vu experience Maudgalyayana proving time saving template text variables

The three texts Vu lan there is still in the Tripitaka taishō tu front -runner completed the Bowl-like kiosks in Greece¹⁸, Buddhist theory of Vu lan Turkish business¹⁹ The Buddhist theory , newspaper printing to serve Turkish economy²⁰ are not referring to the identity of the fake Religious Maudgalyayana as the cause why the mother of false Religion were fallen venue underworld. Somajor, makes the reader hard to figure out the context of the problem. So, was there a work life after entitled Maudgalyayana proving time saving template text turn²¹, which aims to complement these details are important and necessary . In the files , the content related to the subject is in the first part, known as the variable text .

Review on dating, Vu lan due to Mr. French Households translate to about the third century early IV century. While the chronology of these works turn the text of Dunhuang and Maudgalyayana proving time saving template text variables in particular, was identified at about the end of V century the tenth century²² .

According to the text Variable, Maudgalyayana while in his name is La Caught (羅卜), very deep credit three jewels and revered Mahayana. The mother he named Title. Multiply a times prepare trade away, so La Caught spent part of the money to leave, told his mother that:

When the Buddha and the monks came, then motherhood may be the setting son donation.

After La Caught walking away, the mother has run the Center San and, hiding money that is not organizations set son. Children worry the completed return sailings, listening to her mother that, according to the largesse we were told. Because cheating Holy chums, so after the common destiny, she associated press gauge life in hell A-Bhikkhu. Take the staff hospitality, La Caught first consecutive Buddhist renunciation. Due diligence, listening to business practice, plus the Lady thanks to charm a student should have certified results A-la-Han. After the proof of results, false Religious Related Items used the label Director police number- six corners reincarnation but did not see his mother. Bookmarks associated mournful white Buddha:

- World Religion, she is currently in the Centre of the body and there alone ?

At the time, That Religion answers that:

-His mother currently fallen to hell A-Bhikkhu, immeasurable suffering. He however proof of Holy fruits, but alone cannot save the mother. Lady on right lower prize of ten means of Increasing them, thanks to the power of prayer, uncle of them Rising, could salvation , his mother.

Workers there, the Buddha has compassion means opening the Festival every year. Holidays Vu lan Turkish originated from here so²³ .

The story was continued with the match between the two categories prose and the rhymes alternating semantic style, characteristic of the literature of Turned writer²⁴ . The above is only a brief initial section of text Variables. So because the request of monographs, should we just survey the main content related to the subject.

Have to say, the work Turned writer though not yet find the author, but the result is a work of civilization characteristic of Chinese Buddhism during the Tang era . The survey initially about the name as well as the events in the work, have proved the author turns the writer not the pm a wall of grape-Elders, capable of poetry in literature, but also is an author and authority on Buddhist studies. So, the main work of not only being the home study and annotation of business Vu lan to²⁵, but also about the research Office chemistry, literature of interest common²⁶ .

First of all, about the name La Caught (羅卜) of Mr. Maudgalyayana. According to the conclusion the great position speed, vol. 11: the son of a professional astrology (占師子), the name of the law of Momentum, they are Great Maudgalyayana²⁷. The word Loading (卜) used in the work of the text Variable is synonymous with the word See (占) in conclusion the great position speed. About La (羅), the work necessarily sound economic sense, vol. 47 recorded that, A La the old Prince (沒力伽羅子) former room Maudgalyayana is wrong. Mr. Paradise Entertainment Fake master in the works of the French Magic Lotus articles OWL, has led his word Stand for that, Great Item Qian'an County Consistently is also called La Old Animals (勿伽羅 )²⁸. As such, La Caught is the lineage in the astrological divination, named La.

The name La Caught, Title and other details vividly from text Variables also appear in the work of the Buddhist theory of Vu lan Turkish economy coming into Office²⁹, due to him Cardboard Suite (780-841), referred to as a Business coming into Office. Based on the internal structure, the magnitude of influence as well as dissemination of text Variables, we are in favour of the view that the work of written Variable before the work of business coming into Office. In other words, Mr Tong Suite Glossary of business Vu lan based on raw texts Vu lan due to Mr. French Households of interpretation, and based on these data are detailed description of the work Turned writer, related to lifetime before renunciation of Religion assuming Maudgalyayana.

As such, the work Turned writer has played an important role in the explanation of causes why the mother of false Religious Maudgalyayana was fallen to hell. The reason for this award based on the base, or just composing literature in pure fictional writing by who? According to us, the work Turned writer was formed based on a Classic platform there from very early on. It is an economic imperative collective composing the charm, the fifth book by upasaka Genus Humbled . Content of the story lies in the Pros Most La model fallen hungry daemons demons , known as the classic of Multi Priority La model³⁰ .

Contact affair and the turn between Maudgalyayana proving time saving template text variables
and experience the advantages of multi La model

First of all, to easily visualize, we are please to introduce a partial summary of business content optimization in Most La model³¹ :

An early life, Buddha in Garden architecture Ca-lan-momentum in the United Kingdom-XA. At the time, in the country which has a head fake wealth, born was a boy, General adventure maize, on lifetime at least should have named the Pros Most La³² .

When the Pros Most La self-motivated then head fake death. For Dharma, Favor Most La played Center for the glass and yearn to renunciation, should have an emergency account please. The mother responded:

- My father was dead, but we are no longer one, so why could you leave me that renunciation? Only from here, if you want, sometimes the Sa-Ba-la-subjects, subjects, then the parents will shop the delicacies to the arbitrary donation.

Hear my mother saying, Favor Most La peace. Then the guy often sometimes the Sa, Ba-la-home subjects to donation.

Parents Favor Most La see the hermit regularly frequented should she mind aversionyanked yelled at the Sa, Ba-la-Mon.

There are times Favor Most La away, the mother and he spilled food and drink down the hole. When the son of the mother mainland, says:

-You go, stay at home mom shopping this page food tasty donation for the Sa, Ba-la-Mon.

Pros Most La listening, very excited. Later the mother died and fallen into the species Devil hungry daemons hot dry mouth, hungry suffering, come to taste Bhikkhu-stilts says:

-I am the mother of your son.

Bhikkhu stilts overwhelmed asked:

-At, my mother often alms, why is today being fallen into evil hungry daemons species?

Hungry daemons demon responded:

-Because my mother 's greed, popcorn sẻn, not subject to donation the Sa, Ba-la-Mon, which subjected the fuselage demon hungry daemonsdo. During twenty years, mother is not eating anything.

Bhikkhu-stilts asked demon hungry daemons:

-Where that insomuch as such?

Hungry daemons demon responded:

-But we're alms but the mind often sẻn popcorn. For the Sa, Ba-la-not subject supply of glasses, and insults, so today should bear result report . If a visiting teacher, the Buddha and they Increase donation and repentance, the helpfulness in Germany for us, then certainly we will exit the body hungry daemons demons.

Bhikkhu-stilts listening should have strongly recommended the lab home page shopping food and stuff to use, donation the Buddha and the monks. After the donation , the hungry daemons Devil incarnate before mass repentance and after undergoing several times being death is birth to heaven the donation Benefits

... At the time the Bhikkhu-stilts listen Buddha are excited to practice.

Business Pros Most La model by upasaka Genus Humbled room at Eastern Wu for about 222-253 years. Texts also appear in the work of business law General Singularity, to be set up during the Liang dynasty³³. That showed the highlights as well as dissemination of Multi Priority La model into the period . In terms of media content, both text Variables and Favor Most La model has at least twelve similarities.

Firstly, the principal characters include father, mother, son, the Bhikkhu-stilts, they Rise and the Buddha.

Secondly, the intensive credit Tam but contrast the mother.

Third, the donation, mother thanks but I cheated and despise the three jewels.

Wednesday, after death, the mother fallen trunks do demons.

Thursday, the spice, the desire to find her mother.

On Friday, children see parents in hungry demons.

Saturday, has very long demon mother unable to drink or eat.

Eighth, alone I couldn't save her.

Ninth, his mother changed worship seem to the Buddha and the monks.

Tenth, monks pray notes.

The eleventh, the demon mother birth was up heaven.

Twelfth, the Buddha to scatter the exclamation, the disciple of Buddha Hy Festival practice.

Although between the variable text and Favor Most La form the same almost completely, however still have a significant difference. It is the work of turning the writer has boldly changed the name of the main character, i.e. change the name Bhikkhu-stilts Multi La Pros into Ton Maudgalyayanaimitation. This change in the work Turned writer according to us, be derived from the reasons later.

First of all, the work Turned writer is the development continued on the way literary texts of the Vu lan. Therefore, the main character is Mr. Maudgalyayana.

Second, in terms of influence , if the title is the story of Mr. Maudgalyayana offered influence will furtherbecause of false Religion is one of the disciples of the great Buddha.

On Tuesday, Mr. Maudgalyayana was known to man in contact with several species of demon hungry daemons. Tibetan and Han materials are asserting this Nikaya³⁴ .

On Wednesday, Mr Maudgalyayana got himself into the hell of salvation being³⁵, has just presented for beings the way of salvation is in the relative species hungry daemons demons ³⁶ .

On Thursday, h.e. Maudgalyayana was ever slash nh the force of Buddha to go visit my mom in the world Ma-benefits-chi, was recorded in the basis for the organic theory of the pharmacy-skin appeal-Bhikkhu³⁷ .

Since this point has shown, the work Turned writer who turned selectively, while the freedom of creation but still based on the Classic trusted sources. More specific, the work Turned writer is supportive synthesis creative Zenith between multiple texts, in which mainly business and Vu lan Advantage Multi La model.

A business Pros Most La model has the face of the Nikaya known as the green Export tripiṭaka signed files, vol. 2, Tam signed the University Calendar, vol. 5, Kaiyuan like continental education , vol. 2, ... that showed a business has been noted from very early on.

What is especially interesting, because for the professional, we have discovered the content a business Favor Most La template is present in the data file is in Nikāya hungry daemons the devil .

The comparison between business Pros Most La model and the demon hungry daemons in the Tibetan Economy Nikāya

According to the College from the classic Buddhist studies of Ding Bao Phuc, Favor Most La is translated from the word Uttara³⁸. Add a times reference Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, we easily find the contact homology in the Tibetan Economy Nikāya. From this initial base, has opened a new discovery in the monographs of the us.

As presented, the work Favor Most La model is abbreviated name of Multi Priority La model fallen demon hungry daemons charm by upasaka Genus Humbled room. We have detected the source material Pali equivalent named Uttaramātu Petavatthu³⁹, are close to the original translation is: Wrath Most La demonic form the⁴⁰ .

In the Tibetan Economy Pali, related the story of hungry daemons demon has two files. That is the evil hungry daemons in the Sutra the Emirates and work references the demon hungry daemons of Mr. Dhammapāla. Both works are carrying more vividly about stories involving human v t Uttara. For convenience of the track, we please introduce the full text of the story his mother Uttara by upasaka Tran Phuong Lan room, currently located in the Emirates, volume 2⁴¹ .

What mother of Uttara (Uttaramātu)

After the tier Masters kill speed, into the era of Classic aggregation Association first progress⁴², false Religious Mahā-Kaccayāna (Brother Scott Fry) with twelve Bhikkhu-stilts residence in the forest and everything near Kosambi (Kieu-bonus-di).

Uttara nanzih, time the heir of master of King Udena, are hordes of Carpenter to find wood to fix the House, and was the elder of this theory.

The next regular Uttara donation does taste food and build her a taste workshop am.

Song's mother Uttara hatred the donation . She said:

-We look forward to any food drink would the worship the Sa-which we don't agree all become blood for the drink in the hereafter.

However, on the day of donation am furniture, she lets donate a bundle of tail feathers. When she died, her reborn do female demon hungry daemons and do have seem to worship a bunch of tail feathers, the female demon hungry daemons have black hair really long, winding long beautiful shiny tha thướt.

Whenever girls Devil hungry daemons step down myself: ' We will drink the Ganges ', the river became red blood. After having wandered throughout fifty years were starving on other women torment of hungry daemons demon suddenly saw the elder Revata Kankhā (BA-Kankhā-la) sit down lunches Ganges River side:

This dialogue Next after two top shelves of spelling Jesus Classic aggregation:

1-When a Bhikkhu-stilts to NAP

And sitting on the dock water Hang HA,

Near the female demon, looks horrible,

Posture timid, proceed to step out.

2-Lady Devil's long real hair

Drop out dots of land, was let go, reply

Cover the stems with bunches of hair,

Devil women ladies fake Religious Biography:

Female demon hungry daemons:

3-fifty years retired from the ceiling,

The know nothing drink eat.

False Religion, for some water, please

We are thirsty for ever part.

Bhikkhu-stilts:

4-this cool water flow of the Ganges

Flowing down from mountains of Snow Paint,

Let's take the other water and drink the fold,

Why do you ask for the country above the line?

Female demon hungry daemons:

5- Ton fake, please ladies, if I

Manually get water in the River,

Instant water into blood, and so

The begging him some water in.

Bhikkhu-stilts:

6- the old days made happy evil would

Do export, Italy, relatives broke into,

From what Karma he hand carved

Ganges River Water turned to blood, why?

Female demon hungry daemons:

7- South of you, Ut-I-ra,

Ancient capital is upasaka in the home

Cosy giving the Sa- food binge,

Location ready, medicinal herbs, Austria KESA.

8-pleasing lively children by San join date

Urged, should the defamation Guy:

' Anything I want

You bring the Sa-cult, rise

9-' Ut-out, Sunday, me

The blood for you in the next life. '

Due to Karma , the hand touches the right

Ganges River Water turned to blood a long time '.

 

Then the false Religious Revata donation up Increasing them and the helpfulness in Germany for the American Devil hungry daemons. Then the false Religion go qifu mumo carried and when did get food false Religious donation monks. Then the false Religion took a few rags from trash, washed, dried, false Religion may y and donation increase them.

The female demon hungry daemons so enjoy life Lok, associated with the elders of the incident showed the same happy Elves that it has achieved.

From content on showed that most of the content of the work of wrath Most La Devil samples the similarities with the content Most Optimal La model fallen demon hungry daemons charm. Just about 12 similarities between Turn van and Multi Priority La model fallen demon hungry daemons charm in Han and Tibetan systems; then Wrath Most La Devil Samples the text Pali system in just a few minor points of difference.

The difference the third item. If the text Variable and Multiple Priority La model, youth Advantage Multi La thanks to donation, the mother of Wrath Most La had no details , but said Liu chi man weather his mother despise Tam.

The difference to the 5th entry. If the text Variable and Multiple Priority La model, Bhikkhu-stilts Multi Priority La go find his mother after Director syndrome; then in Wrath Most La no details , that information to the contrary, parents seeking children.

The difference in the 6th item. If the text Variable and Multiple Priority La model, Bhikkhu-stilts Multi Priority La met her birth mother; then in Wrath Most La, the mother met the fake Religious Revata.

The difference the 9th item. If the text Variable and Multiple Priority La model, Bhikkhu-stilts Multi Priority La instead of mother donation; then in Wrath Most La Ton pseudo Revata rather hungry daemons demons donation to monks.

The difference category 12. Instead the Buddha concur concur then in Wrath Most La elders Revata had riveted the evening charity events and encourage people to follow that implementation.

In the above mentioned differences of appearance may be due to the influence of culturalcontext, or by translating additional active, or even due to inadvertent should lead to errors in the retention process , Editor. According to us, these differences do not alter the principal content that works like to mention.

Here, there is another point to Note. Because in the Pali Text Society's Pali source material then the story Uttaramātu Petavatthu (Wrath Most La Devil Form), is located in the Vimānavatthu and Petavatthu, only consisted of nine questions so she shelves form⁴³. But in the translation of the homeless singer Chen Lan then had the leading and ending, so the content of the story easier to understand and more Zhejiang song. After the check distribution, we noticedby upasaka Tran Phuong Lan is the combination between the nine questions shelves in the source material the demon hungry daemons and a Glossary of hungry daemons the devil of false Religion Dhammapāla⁴⁴ .

In terms of dating, Religion author Dhammapāla lives on about the V century TL, he made a legend Devil the hungry daemons at the monastery at Badaratitthavihāra ⁴⁵. Meanwhile, a Glossary of wrath Most La demonic Form the major part of his similarities with the work of Multi Priority La model fallen demon hungry daemons charm by upasaka Chi Lee room in the middle of the third century. That suggests, a Glossary of wrath Most La demonic Form the false Religion of Dhammapāla was inherited from a similar resources as sources of homeless songwriter Chi Lee.

From the analysis and for the above survey has shown, similarities between the works of wrath Most La form the devil, the mother of Uttara and Maudgalyayana proving time studies turned writer, Favor Most La model fallen < b23 > hungry daemons , demons , led to a confirm, in Tibetan Economic Nikāya we survive a work bearing the same content as business Vu lan;

Identification of

Since the Buddha allowed the disciples of him being studied classics under the language of his local⁴⁶, then the number of translated classics products with multi-lingual the language has grown very rich. In the process of storing and translating articles, has the impact to structural changes, including the name, age or the metaphor was used in the Tibetan economy. Vu lan experience is a case like that. However, the similarity in content between the two Tibetan and Han Nikāya resources through for notes above, has simultaneously confirmed qualitatively authentically and consistently of the Dharma in General and Jing Yu lan said.

The survey also indicated that, in the name of someone the largesse still bring enemies win results for them, though that is not his relatives. The nature invisible from the coast of Buddhism was confirmed at this point. About aspect rituals, animal products can be simple as drinking water, rice farming and rags, but the fake Religious Revata still makes the Uttaramātu escape the miserable results, that the material specified Nikāya. So, the name of the parents, or the ones faraway, for they that do many charity events, including both the donation Tam, is the work of the French right. Not so, the sources also noted that the Broadcast Center of the object, be combined simultaneously with the capacity to pay attention Chapel of the monks, will create the energy metabolism actively.

A a business quite short and is present in both traditions, but with Buddhism was transmitted to North turns into an event the Festival masses, the metabolism Holiness in the consciousness of many, and gently spread the influence of Buddhism to the East is not the number of Buddhists; It shows the calculated dynamic creation of French Hong, including the role of the French household of the monarch of Buddhists in China in the period of early. So the festivities Vu lan transmission under North or the Festival of Uttara, according to Tibetan Economy Nikāya, a creative culture be safe repellent wisdom, it should be noted, conservation and coal canopy.END=NAM MO SHAKYAMOUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.5/9/2017.