The majority of European historians in India study that 563 BC is the birth of the Buddha and also the earliest confirmed date. How long is the calculated date and how likely is the error?

Kapilavatthu, the birthplace of the Buddha, where he lived for the first twenty-nine years of his life, near the borders of today dividing Nepal and the Republic of India. The Sultan of Suddhodana (Sanskrit)  belongs to the Sakiya clan. The Sakiya clan consisted of all the aristocrat nobles of that time, the high class, the aristocratic class, and, more importantly, the ruler responsible for rule and trial in the Republic of Sakiya. From these positions, the new ruler of the republic and the people's representatives are elected when needed. In the middle of the sixth century BC, King Sri Soudhothana held the title of head of state.

King Sri Soudhothana married two sisters from Devadaha, the late Mahayana later became Prince Siddhattha. His Majesty the Pajàpati (Mahápajápati: Maharajābādatha) gave birth to two children: the royal son Nanda, who was born after Prince Siddhattha, his mother for several days, and Princess Nandà or Sundarandandà . Both Ma and Pajapati belong to the Sakiya clan. Marrying in the same tribe is in line with the prevailing law of domestic marriage, though it may also be disregarded in the case of affection or dowry.

More remarkable, especially in the Brahmin class is the principle of marriage outside the family marriage, so that the same family (ethnicity) is not allowed to marry. The nature of King Sri Soudhothana is Gotama so he is not allowed to marry a woman with them. He must have followed that custom and married many pagans, but this is not certain because Devadahasakka or Anjana are not recorded in history. However, we only look at the genealogy to see the intimate blood relationship between King Sri Soudhothana and these two sisters: The mother and father of two sisters are brothers and sisters You and the same mother too. In other words, the two queens are cousins.

Kapilavatthu is the capital city of Prince Siddhattha, but not where he was born.

As in Nidanakatthà, the introduction of the Jàtakas tells the myth of the Queen of forty years, just before the forest product went back to her fatherland. Devadaha to give birth to children and the maintenance of the mother Yasodhar. The journey by horse cart or a pile of cows wagging on hot dirt roads leads to forest degradation soon after arriving in Devadaha. Near the village of Lumbini, in the midst of the sky, there is no shelter, only a barn owl (scientific name Shorea Robusta ) and no physician in charge of the household  , prince The baby Siddhattha was born around May, 563 BC.

Lumbini was excavated by archaeologists in 1896. The most important site to find there is a six-foot-high pillar made by Emperor Asoka in 245 BC with the inscription:

Twenty-five years after the throne, King Devanampiya Piyadasi came here to worship, for the Buddha of Shakyamuni, the Sage of the Shakyamuni tribe, Was born here. The king ordered the engraving of a stone statue and erecting a pillar. He exempts Lumbini's land tax and cuts one-fourth of the normal tax rate by one-eighth. "

In addition, a stone may have appeared around the second century AD discovered in Lumbini and stored in a small temple. Standing on a branch of a sarala tree, it seemed that the birth of a child was a custom at that time.

After the pain of the mother, she could not continue the journey to Devadaha, so her small entourage took her back to Kapilavatthu, tired. The joy of early birth of the royal prince of Gotama was soon eclipsed by her mother's anxiety over the deteriorating health. She became weak because of the feeling of lying in bed watching the preparations for the naming ceremony.

A sage was summoned to predict the fate of Prince Siddhartha, who was a very good friend of the royal prince Gotama, who means " It was only his skin that told the origin of the growth of the people who lived in India before the time of the Aryan people. The Asita sage, who has been a teacher of the royal clan Gotama for many years. First, under the reign of King Sūhahanu, father of King Suddhodana, then to the reign of Suddhodana before he retired to seclusion. He looked at the newly born baby three days and predicted based on some formality that this was an extraordinary prince who would become a Buddha and would convert the Falun (S. Nip 693). He tears because he himself will not live long to see Prince Siddhattha become Buddha,

Two days later, the eight Brahmins celebrated the ceremony of naming Prince Siddhattha *  . They also predicted many important things in the Prince's life, or would become Enlightenment on the path of religion, or as a royal monarch in secular life full of glory. The youngest of these Brahmins is Kondañña, whom we will meet thirty years later.

As for the Queen, naming the baby prince is the end of her life. Seven days after giving birth, as well as many pregnant women in tropical countries, she quietly died without complaint.

However, Siddhattha's early childhooder did not grow up in her mother's absence. The Prince of Pajàpati of Prince Siddhattha, the Prince of Suddhodana, was the caretaker's successor while she was born Prince Nanda, Prince Siddhattha's other mother. It is also said that she gave her children for a mother and she spent all of her time devoted to the care of the baby of her late grandmother.

ANNOYING DIFFERENTIAL ISSUES

The majority of European historians in India study that 563 BC is the birth of the Buddha and also the earliest confirmed date. How long is the calculated date and how likely is the error?

A) Since ancient Indian records only record distances between events without stating the chronological age of such events as historical records, the desired date in the Indian history should be requested. Greek historians. Indian-Hy relations developed as a result of the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (327 BC). In about 303 BC, Indian emperor Candragupta Maurya (or Candagutta Moriya, the Confucian dynasty) reached a territorial compromise and opened diplomatic relations with the former General Alexander Selekos Nikator Ruled Babylonia. Through the reports of the Greek ambassador Megasthenes appointed to the capital Paataliputta (Patna today), Candragupta was gradually recognized by Greek historians as the Greek name Sandrokottos, and thanks to historians present,

This modern day also allows us to identify the chronologies of the chain of events that are constantly listed in the  Singhalese historiography Dppavamsa  and  Mahavamsa  about the fourth to sixth centuries . According to these books, King Candragupta reigned for twenty-four years (to 297), his successor son Bindusara (re-first sa-la) reigned for twenty-eight years (Dv5.100; Mhv. It was about four years before Asoka, the son of Bindusāra, ascended the throne by destroying all the royal families and making the king himself (Dv 6.21; So this event probably happened in 265 BC.

We can look back on the birth of Buddha according to the affirmation in both books (Dv 6.1; Mhv 5.21) that Asoka was crowned two hundred and eighteen (218) years after Lord Buddha's passing away ( Bat Nirvana). This event was thus recorded in 483 BC. And since the Master lived to be eighty years old, his birth year was in 563 BC.

Although the number of two hundred and eighteen years between the Buddha's passing and King Asoka was considered credible, this calculation also had many disadvantages. In one sense, the years of the reign of kings are usually rounded up for parity, and one side should not be ignored in the fact that in the book  Puranas it is  said that Bindusàra ruled only about Twenty five years. Thus, calculations based on histories need to be re-examined from many other sources.

B) -Another source of information provided by Emperor Asoka's edicts, these edicts were emanated on emperor Devánampiya Piyadasi, Throughout his great empire. The samurai on XIII, which marks the bloody day of Asoka's Kalinga (Orissa) eight years after his coronation, may have been built twelve years after the event, naming five The non-Indo-Chinese emperor Asoka was present at the meeting: Antiochus II of Syria, Ptolemy II of Egypt, Antigonus of Macedonia, Magas of Cyrene and Alexander of Epirus. The epochs of these kings are well known, and the last year the kings are still alive is 258, so that would be the closest of the edict. Recalculating twelve years after King Asoka's reign,

A misleading point can be found here in the midst of the coronation of Emperor Asoka and the year of the edict, which may be slightly less than twelve years.

C) Chinese historians also support a part of Guangzhou's Book of Histories, which describes each symbolic point one year after the Buddha's passing. By the year 489 BC, the book mentions 975 points, the time of the Buddha's passing in 486, and the birth in 566 BC. Although the accuracy of the Chinese history is so reliable, it is not without its fault, especially since Buddhism came to China quite late and Chinese historians did not start. Write the history as soon as the Indian Teacher passes away.

D) We can also look at the Jainism tradition. The founder of this religion is  Jina  (false god ) or  Mahàvira  (great hero ), who at the same time with the Buddha, lived to seventy-two years and is referred to Buddhist Scriptures by the title Nigantha Naktaputta (Ni- Moment of momentum).

European scholars routinely record Mahavira's death in 476 BC, according to a statement by Hema Candra, a Jain monk (12th century AD), that the event of Candragupta Maurya's throne (321 BC) occurred 155 years after the patriarchs Mahavira passed away ( Nirvana ). But Judean scholars argue for the accuracy of this number and point out that Hema Candra's alleged misconception and that many passages in the Jain scripture place 215 years between the conquest The kingdom of Avanti of King Candragupta (312 BC) and the death of Mahavira Patriarch. This calculation will place the Mahavira Memorial event in 527 BC. This year is considered to be the beginning of the Annals of Oriental History.

-The attempt to deduce the death of the Buddha from the five hundred years of the Mahavira is more difficult because we do not have any clarification on the annals of the relationship between the two events. Although there is a Qaeda verse claiming that the Mahàvìra are longer than the seven-year Buddha, (so if we inscribed Mahavira in 476, we must confirm the Buddha's death in 483 BC), many disciples Jainism agreed with the Buddhist followers that the Mahàvìra had died before the Buddha. Three times in the Pali Canon (DN 29.2 * , DN 33.1 * *  -, MN 104.1 * **  -) depicts the sight of the Buddha who heard the Mahàvìra, and these scriptures often indicate that Gotama was the Buddha. The youngest guru of the time. 

Westerners write the Buddha's history presupposing that the Teacher has passed away two years after the Mahavira Patriarch, but there is little evidence of this. If we have to accept two years as a valuable assumption, we must come to accept or in 474 (according to Western scholars), or 525 BC (Jains tradition) is the year The Buddha passed away, and the year he was born was eighty years earlier in both cases.

E) Annually accepted chronicles throughout Asia are less credible, with the Buddha extinction in 544 and birth in 624 BC. But the Buddhist calendar (BE) only appeared in the 11th century BC. Hence later or the chronological date of the monastery's death was confused with the birth of the monk, or perhaps the monks used a 60-year cycle in the calculation, . This way set the Buddha's dates 564 - 484 BC. The hypothesis of such confusion, of course, has no evidence.

So which of these dating figures is considered historically the most likely? We can eliminate dates based on the Jain or Buddhist tradition that they were only calculated long afterwards, so they were not enough to withhold historical criticism.

On the other hand, the dates of the Chinese or Singhalese inference, and the Asoka aliquots  are firmly established and differ only to a minimum, so according to them, the Buddha's birth year only Chain from 568 to 544 BC. The 563th day of Sri Lanka's support, also valuable not only for its midst, but also for two more computationally complicated calculations,  based on South India's list of monarchs and Singhala, the same Sri Lankan Buddhist age, was converted to Buddhism, but also based on sporadic references to a lost chronology dating back to a few parts. 483 is the Buddha's passing year.

So we are justified in setting the date of Buddha's birth in 563 in the history of the Chronicles, however, accepting on the basis of other historical evidence, which can be confused from five to nine years. The probability of an earlier date is slightly higher as there are both methods (b) and (c) supported, whereas a later date is only supported by one method (d). END=NAM MO CAKYA MOUNI BUDDHA.(  3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.10/4/2017.