Chapter Two

FOUR SOLES (The four noble truths)

The first truth: Suffering – DUKKHA.

At the heart of the Buddha's teachings lies in the four noble truths (Cattāri Ariyasaccani) which He now lectures in the citation for the first French[1] for his old friends, ascetic in 5 deer (Isipatana-Sarnath today) near Benarès (Ba-la-complaint). In the sermon he as we see in the original, the four noble truths (the four noble truths) is spoken in a nutshell. But there are countless other places in the original classics in the four noble truths are available to go preach with a lot more detail, and in many different ways. If this God's Four research through the document and explain it, we will get a fairly decent coverage and accuracy of the essential teachings of the Buddha according to the original texts.

The four noble truths he is:

Suffering (Dukkha)[2] .
(Samudaya), the arising or origin of the gauge.
Kill (Nirodha), the cessation of suffering.
DAO (Magga), your path to the cessation of suffering.

The first truth: GOD'S GAUGE

Truths (Dukkha-ariyasacca) are usually most scholars translated as "noble truths of suffering" and that it be explained are: life, Buddhism, just miserable. Both the translation and interpretation are very misleading and not make me satisfied. Sort of easygoing translation narrow-minded and shallow interpretation of Imperial gauge has made many people mistakenly view the Buddhism is the cynical pessimism.

First of all, Buddhism does optimistic nor pessimistic that reality, because the direct realist view of human beings and the universe. The Buddhist view of things as they really are (yathābhūtam).

Buddhism does not seek ru people into illusion of paradise of deception, nor do people die of fear because everything unimaginable fear and guilt. It allows us to know objectively what the world around us, is nothing, and only the path taken to complete freedom, peace, security and happiness.

A surgeon can be magnified about a disease makes people desperate. A different surgeon for not knowing something, maybe nothing, the statement does not need to cure the disease by a lie-the comforting lie. One can call the pessimistic and optimistic man; both are dangerous. But a third surgeon diease correctly, understanding the causes and nature of disease, clearly can cure, so courageously embarked on the treatment, thus saving patients. The Buddha like the titular final medical salary. He was the intellectual y wage and science to treat the disease of the world (bhisakka or Bhaisajyagury).

Sanskrit language officers thread dukkha in ordinary usage means "suffering", "pain", "sad" or "extreme", in contrast to the word "sukkha" means "happy", "comfort", or "comfort". But the noun dukkha in truths, presented the views of the Buddha on human beings and the universe, there is a deeper philosophical meaning and contain much wider content. Of course one also recognizing noun Dukkha in the first obvious truths have contained the usual meaning of "suffering", but in addition it also imply the deep meaning like "imperfection", "impermanent", "empty", "temporary author". By that, it's hard to find a word that can cover the entire content of the noun Dukkha since as a gauge, and hence better to so don't translate, rather than causing a false idea not for it by translating the convenience of easy off "suffering" or "suffering".

The Buddha does not deny there is happiness in life when He told life is suffering. On the contrary He accept there are different forms of happiness, physically as well as mentally, for secular people as well as for people. In the Falling branch (Anguttara Nikaya-nikāya) one of the five original Scriptures in Pali language organ, containing the article theory of the Buddha, there are lists of the happiness (sukkāni), as the happiness of the life of hermit and happiness of family life, the hedonistic sense of happiness and the happiness of secular Disclaimer , the happiness of the binding and the happiness of freedom, happiness and spiritual happiness etc. [3] But all these things are included in the Dukkha. Both to the spiritual realm a purity of meditation (dhyāna, Jing LU), is achieved through consistent meditation practice, completely exit both to the silhouette of the suffering in the conventional sense, the realm might call pure bliss as also have Meditation realm beyond the feeling has just lost (sukkha) recently suffering (dukkha) is pure translational Knowledge-both to the spiritual realm is very high Super, also involved in the dukkha. In a central Majjhima-nikàya (one of the five original Nikaya), after praising the spiritual bliss of meditation scenes, the Buddha teaches: "They are impermanent, suffering (dukkha), suffer changes" (aniccā viparimàmadhammā dukkhā)[4]. Please note the word dukkha was meaningful use. It is not because there are "dukkha suffering" in the sense of a common noun, but because "something invisible usually is dukkha" (yad aniccamtam dukkham)

The Buddha which actually and objectively. Talk about life and the enjoyment of the hedonistic senses, He taught that one should understand three things:

-the charismatic or sweetness (assàda).
-bad consequences, danger, dissent (adìnava).
-the release or production glass (nissarana). [5]

When you see a cheerful, charming and beautiful, you love them, you were charismatic, you want to see go see him again many times, you are satisfying and sensual retreat from it. Ðấy is a reality of the experience. But the school is not enjoying the nine, as well as the other and the sound of their charismatic nor school. When circumstances change, when you can't see her, when you are deprived of the source of her pleasure, that you crashing off the upset, you may lack affordable, unbalanced, sometimes dangerous actions are possible. Ðấy is beautiful, not bad aspects and the dangers of painting (adìnava). This is also a real experience. Now, if you don't have something fall with that person, if you absolutely do not stick, voila is freedom, it is free (nissarana). Three-this is true for all the enjoyment in life.

From here we clearly see no matter the pessimistic or optimistic, but the problem is that we have to identify the pleasure of life as well as the freed them, to understand life in a comprehensive and objective way. Only then can be called true liberation. In this regard the Buddha teaches:

"Ask the Bhikkhu stilts, if sa Brahmin or subjects would not understand objectively that the sweetness of hedonistic senses is sweetness, danger is dangerous, the Cup is to export, then they certainly cannot understand the desire for pleasure senses, could not only lead to other people go to that purpose , who according to the instructions they can not understand what is the desire for sensual senses. But ask the Bhikkhu stilts, Sa subjects or Brahmin would understand objectively the sweetness sensory pleasure is sweetness, danger is dangerous, glass is export, then surely these people will understand completely what is libido for hedonistic senses, can only lead to other people going to the purpose and who, in the words of guidance they'll fully understand what is the desire for pleasure senses " [6] .

The concept of dukkha can seen from three aspects:

-in the sense of regular gauge dukkha, called suffering suffering (dukkha-dukkha);
-dukkha arises due to impermanence, upheaval, ruined the agony (viparinàma-dukkha).
-because of the limited circumstances dukkha of birth and death, suffering and onions (samkhāra-dukkha). [7]  

Everything in painful life as birth, aging, illness, death, have met people and circumstances left Italy (resentment rising), must depart and beloved ones (Special charity Cup), not what you want in your favorite (real), sad, miserable, all the forms of physical and mental suffering he (Thanh factory Kettle) , the thing that is sorely hurt, suffering, are included in the dukkha, suffering regular gauge sense-suffering (dukkha-dukkha).

A sense of joy, a happy circumstance in my life never dies nine schools. Sooner or later it also changes. When it arises, transforms suffering misfortune. The downs are comprehensive in the sense the suffering dukkha arises due to the upheaval impermanence, called ruined the agony (viparinàma-dukkha).

Two forms of suffering (dukkha) above it is easy to understand, no one is denied. This aspect of truths is known more as it is easy to understand; that is the normal experience.

But the third form of dukkha is suffering (dukkha-samkhāra), is the most important philosophical aspects of the truth first. Want to understand it, we need to explain, analyze what we called an "entity", a "personal", or "I".

What we call the "ego", "fish", or "I" according to Buddhist philosophy, only a combination of the physical mind capacity of constant variables, can be divided into five groups or aggregates (pancakkhandha). The Buddha said: "in short, the five aggregates bound is dukkha"[8]. In one other place, He defined "Dukkha is nothing to say that it is the five aggregates" [9]. This we need to understand that dukkha and the five aggregates is not two, the five aggregates is dukkha. We will understand this point more clearly, when there is a concept of the five aggregates made what we called "entity" or "intersection". The five aggregates.

THE FIVE AGGREGATES

The first was hue UAN UAN (rūpakkhandha). In the words "aggregates", consisted of four traditional University (cattāri mahābhūtāni) are Earth, water, fire, wind (, glass, fire, style) and material due four (upàdàya-best rùpa Department created)[10]. In the best Department created including five radical, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and the foreign object about compatibility with in her apartment (5 scenes): best picture, sound, smell, taste, these can touch exposed (colors, flavor, taste, tactile) and the idea or thought in the mind of the audience (made in France-dharmāyatana)[11]. Like all of the world body, the inner as well as in the foreign world, are included in the aggregates identity.

UAN is second life or feeling (vedanākkhandha). This includes aggregates all the funny feeling miserable or unhappy is not suffering, be felt due to the exposure of those interested in Physics (flat) with the outside world (the scene). These feelings have 6 types: the feeling arises when the eye contact with these colors, ears with sounds, nose to smell, with blades, body with hard things soft, and Italy (which in Buddhist philosophy is considered the sixth feature concerns) with the object of consciousness or thought thought,[12]. All the physical and spiritual sense are included in the aggregates.

Here we should also explain about the meaning implied in the word "Italy" (manas) of Buddhist philosophy. Need to understand the "Italy" is not the opposite of "mind". We should always remember the Buddhism does not recognize there is a spirit in opposition to materialism as part of Eastern philosophical systems and religions is just a body or senses (indriya, base) as the eye or the ear. It can be controlled, such as the development of any of the other senses, and the Buddha often reminds quite a lot about the value of the tame and subduing six this apartment: the difference between the eye and the mind ever since as the senses, is that "the eye" to get to know the world of color and shape can see , while "mind" to get to know the world of ideas and the audience mind. We recognize the different ranges thanks to the different optics. I can not hear colors, which saw them. I also can not find the sound to hear them. Like with five colors of base-eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, we only get to know the world of image, sound, smell, taste and the exposure, but this is only part of the world, not all. What about the notion and thought? They are also a part of the world universe. But they could not be identified by the ability of the eyes ears, nose, tongue, body, or that they can be more easily thanks to the concept, i.e. Italy. The notion of thought, yet not isolated with the world in color based identification. Thus, they are subject to, and limited by the physical experience. By which a blind from birth could not have the notion of color, unless by the analogies from sound or some other things due to the other person's feeling. The notion and thought up a part of the world, have been incurred and limited by the physical experience and perception by the mind. So that Italy (manas) are also viewed as a sensory (radical) (indriya) as the eye or the ear.

Aggregates (sannākkhandha) is third or perception, perception. Well as tho, thought of six categories, the equivalent of six radical parties in and outside the scene six, and also incurred by contact between the six foreign base. This idea of getting to know the main characters is psychic or physical[13] .

Aggregates are the fourth artifact ofconsciousness[14] or "aggregates" (samkhàrakkhandha). This group includes all the activities of the will, bad or good. What is often viewed as karma (kamma) is also in action on the aggregates. Here should remind the definition of Buddha about career: "ask the Bhikkhu stilts, who wish or investment (cetanà) is called. When wanted, one mainland practice by yourself, mouth, Italy[15] want the artifacts by the mind, spiritual activities. Its job is to lead the mind to do these works bad, good or not good not bad[16]. As well as the ideal life, included six types related to six senses and the corresponding object in physics, psychology[17]. Sensation and perception (tho, thought) is not the intentional activities should not arise karma. Only these activities so as to promote the work of Italy (manasikàra), education (chanda), winner (adhimokkha), (saddhà), (samàdhi), wisdom (pannà), effort (viriya), (ràga), (patigha), ignorance (avijjà), his romantic (màna), (sakkàyaditthi), etc. can arise new karma. Have all 52 heart (Italian Centre of operations), the create action aggregates.

Aggregates Thursday is "knowledge" (vinnānakhandha)[18]. Consciousness is a fundamental reaction is one of the six sense organs (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and Italy), and i bust is one of six foreign phenomenon about respectively (colors, sound, smell, taste, tactile, and things in the center of the world). For example, the label (cakkhavinnàna) has the eye as the basis for it and a sharp saw makes objects. (manovinnàna) mean (manas) as the basis and a gender Centre in things, that is, a notion or thought (France), making the object. Like the related knowledge with others and also as the life, thought, action, including six types of correlations with six flat and six scenes[19] .

Need to understand consciousness does not recognize an object. This is just a minor clarification to know clearly know the presence of the object. When the eye contact with a blue color, for example, the label instant knowledge arises but is just the sense of presence of a colour, not realizing it is blue. At this stage there is not yet aware of. Administration (idea third aggregates) get out of the blue. The noun "brand awareness" is a term referring to the same philosophy as the word see . See no means of getting to know. Other types (Turkish recipe, recipe, recipe aspect ratio).

Here, we need to reiterate that according to Buddhist philosophy doesn't have a soul cuu invariant field can be viewed as "intersection" or "soul", or "I" in opposition to things, and consciousness (vinnàna) should not be viewed as the "mind" as opposed to the object. Dew point should be emphasized especially, because from the initial decision to this day still have a misconception that consciousness is a fork or similar souls continue established one.

A Buddhist disciple named Sàti that Germany was the main teaching of ethics this one rotated throughout the realms. The Buddha asked him to understand what the formula is. The answer of the very classic Sàti: "what's Ðấy of expression, feeling and experience the result of evil actions here and there."

Buddha did rebuke: "this stupid, you've heard me preach her style for who? True, we have not many phen explained that due to the charm, born boot, without the charm, then there is no consciousness or students? " And he further explains: "Formula was called depending on the conditions set by that it arises: due to the charm and sharp eyes that formula students called the label, because the ear and the coast that formula students called the Atrium, by charm and smell that formula students called female formula lưỏi and the coast, due to which the students knowledge loss formula, called by the charm and exposed that sense students called the stem form, due to the Italian and the French coast (ideas, thoughts) that students form called consciousness.

Buddha unravel more by an example: a fire was called depending on the fuel. The fire was burning with fire called firewood firewood; burned by the fire called straw straw. How well known the name depending on conditions arising out of it. [20]

This point base, Buddhaghosa (Buddha), a treatise Professor explained: "... a fire burning by fire only when there is firewood firewood, and will turn off when the firewood, because when her charm or conditions have changed (firewood into ashes). The flame does not turn to ash by fire and becoming a fire ash. Also the knowledge born by the charm and sharp eyes, just born label formula when the eye condition, shape, light and attention; It will terminate when the conditions he no longer, because of the time the condition has changed. Consciousness is not turned to the ear, etc. and became Turkish formula etc. [21]

Buddha's clear statement that the formula depends on the four other aggregates are good, tho, thought, (physical, sensory, perceptual and courage), cannot survive with these conditions. He taught:

"Consciousness can exist with colors do the media (rùpupàyan), SAC (rùpàrammanam) objects do, brilliantly made refuge (rùpapatittham), and find the fun in there (brilliantly) it can grow, grow, grow. Consciousness can exist with how life, or do the media, or the media do, do, do object refuge, and find the fun in it, it can grow, grow, grow. If anybody that they can specify the arrival, departure, disappearance, the birth, growth, development of consciousness with sharp, tho, thought, action, then it is not a thing to say. " [22]

In brief, it is the five aggregates. What we called a "soul" or "individuals" or "I", is just another name for this or a mark to put the group in a meeting of the five aggregates. All of them are impermanent, all variables constant. "Anything impermanent are dukkha." This is the meaning of the main leg of the Buddha: "in short, the five aggregates is suffering and bondage." They are no longer a, in two successive times. Here A is not equal to a. We always stay in a stream and desroy each moment.

"Ask the Brahmin, like a mountain waterfall flowing quickly and drift away, gone all; at no time, minute seconds would it stop flowing, it just flows drifting. Asks the Brahmin's life, as well as from other mountain falls. " [23] As Buddha Ratthapàla: "the Earth is the same flow continue, is impermanent."

A things disappear, create conditions for the arrival of the next object in a long chain of people and results. There is nothing immutable self in them. Without something in behind them that can be called a fell nine schools (àtman), fish; Nothing could be called "I" really. Everyone will agree that no factors, life or identity, or idea, or a spiritual activity would in aggregates, or consciousness, is not a factor in the possible call "I"[24]. But when the five aggregates this mentality and physical capital relative to each other, the same operations as a physical-psychological[25], then we have an idea of "I". But this is just a false idea, an artifact of the consciousness in action aggregates as said, he works as a body called body of opinion (Sakkàyaditthi).

The five aggregates of meeting him again, which is called an "instance" is the dukkha (dukkha-Samkhàra). No individuals or any other "I" behind the five aggregates to bear the suffering. As Buddhaghosa has said:

"Only suffering, but not people suffering".

Yes, but no human created career[26]. No one who pushed the vehicle motionless behind the movement. Only the movement. Not correct to say that the living are shifting, that life is moving. Life and shifting is not two. In other words, there is the thought behind the thought. Ideology is the main thought. If we thought of abandoning separation will not find where is the thought. We're not out here commented: Buddhist perspective completely opposition with Cogito ergo sum of Descartes: "I think, so have I."

Now, one might ask: life has a starting point or not? According to the Buddha's teachings, the starting point of the line of activities students do. People who believe in the creation of the divine can marvel at this response. But if you ask them: "what is the origin of God?" They will answer without hesitation: "God has no beginning" and they are not amazed at the answers on their own. The Buddha said: "ask the Bhikkhu stilts, Samsara (samsàra) does not have an end, and their initial b. tossed in ignorance, being desire bind, is what do[27]. And later, it comes to ignorance, the main cause of death, the Buddha said: "the origin of ignorance (avijjà) could not be the concept to all that outside somewhere, no ignorance"[28]. So can not say that there is life outside of a certain point.

In a nutshell, that is the meaning of truths about dukkha. Evening dress is important to understand the truth of this first explicitly because, as the Buddha teaches: "People would clearly be dukkha also see always the cause of dukkha, also see always the dukkha and also see always the path taken to the dukkha" [29] .

This expressly does not make the life of a Buddhist sad gloomy melancholy as some people believe. Left back leg Buddhists is the happiest people. He does not fear anxiety. They are always elegant, peace cannot be accident or transformation would make shedding crazy Island, because they see all things as they really are. Buddha never sad melancholy overcast. He is often the time people described as "always smiling" (mihita-pubbamgama). Painting and sculpture in Buddhism, the Buddha is always presented with a land of happiness, peace, and compassion. Never saw a stroke suffer extremecrush or shedding[30]. Fine art and Buddhist architecture, the temple worship Buddha never let people feel sad, melancholy overcast that often has the air of peace and escape.

Although life has suffering, a Buddhist should not so melancholy, that resentment or impatient. According to Buddhism, one of the worst things in life is adversity or hatred. Inverse (patigha) was awarded as "hatred for them, for suffering and for what belongs to the suffering. Its work is as the basis for the unfortunate circumstance and evil karma "[31]. So impatient before suffering a thing wrong. Lack of patience or resentment before suffering does not make the suffering he dashed. On the contrary, her attitude only adds tangled lace and exacerbate an already unpleasant situation. You need not resentment or impatient, which must clearly understand the problem of suffering, whether it arose, how can repel it, then according to that that act with patience, intelligent, brave and energetic.

There are two old texts called elders shelves (Theragàthà) and (Therigàthà) shelf of Romanian elders filled the glee of the Buddhist disciples, monks and nuns who have found happiness in their life happily thanks to his teachings. The King of Kosala of the white Buddha one day: "other than the many disciples of the religious systems generally look Weasley, thick, pale, terrible less lovingly, the disciples of Buddha is always fun, elegant, innocent, happy, enjoying pleasures spiritual life, not anxiety, relaxation, peace." King added that he believed it was healthy by nature in that "the venerable definitely got legs meaning integrity of Germany World Religion"[32] .

Buddhism in complete opposition with the sad, melancholy attitude of sorrow, overcast, view it as an obstacle to the realization of truth. On the contrary, we should reiterate here that joyfulness, "only" (pìti), is one of the seven factors to reach enlightenment or "sense of Interior" (Bojjhamgas), the core virtues must be academic to make Nirvana [33].END=NAM MO CAKYA MOUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.WORLD VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST ORDER=VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.25/8/2016.MHDT.