A Brief Survey of The Meters and The Meaning of ULLAMBANA ceremony.

 

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Each year, after the feast of Vesak, the Vietnam setting full moon in July a huge feast, called the ceremony under sentence of death far folk song "July fifteenth day of death far." Mahayana Buddhism (Mahayana) set ULLAMBANA ceremony; This ceremony is not in the practice Theravada. This essay explores the ULLAMBANAfestival area, beginning in India. ULLAMBANA ceremony Buddhists in China, has become a great festival from urban to rural. In Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam, until now the people do not forget the annual full moon day in July. Particularly in Japan where the practice of Buddhism, to marry Twenty century still intact traditions, ULLAMBANA ceremony was held very solemn. Lasted four days, began on the thirteenth, sixteenth day of July complacent. We will examine the details of this beautiful Buddhist holidays. We will also seek to explain the origin of mass religious ceremonies in the next post.

ULLAMBANA ceremony in India Bon.

Why ULLAMBANA ceremony? Before Shakyamuni the founder of Buddhism, Hindus have set Bon festival, which Mahayana Buddhism in East Asia and Southeast Asia called Vu Lan ceremony. Brahmanism in India believe that the dead are more tied to the living, and the living is duty to worship the dead mountain. Because of which religion teaches that those who abandoned themselves descendants no children to continue worshiping ancestors, will be punished severely, being sent to Hell. Days ago, in India, the Brahmins to adulthood have to practice the ritual sacrifice to serve the community. But over the period of his exposure, he must return home, get married, have children descendants. He must have a male heir, to the death against damnation in hell.
At Shakyamuni Buddhist erect, his apostolic faith lived in Brahmanism. Those who leave home to go to practice the sangha must be a way to convince religious monk Gautama abandoned themselves not guilty, because the ancestors will be saved by Vu Lan ceremony.
Definition from Yu-lan: Until now the Buddhist scholars are agreed that the word "vu-lan-tub," transcribed from the word "ura-bon-e," originates from Sanskrit Sanskrit "ullambana, "a compact form letters read" avalambana, "means hanging upside. Chinese translation meaning "island of legends," hanging upside down legs skyward, head to the ground, is an extremely cruel punishment applied to the sinner. Chinese transliteration of "ura-bon-e" from "trumped-lan-tank," says off as "trumped-lan." Vu Lan ceremony becomes a function of practice ancestor worship, so important in civilization of China and neighboring countries influenced Chinese civilization.
Japanese scholar in college textbook Bunyu Matsuda collection set Huyen Anh Dien means a collection of Buddhist scriptures, including 25, 449 volumes of the great master lived under lifetime Depending Huyen Anh, transcription and interpretation of all terms in Buddhist scriptures from Indian languages ​​into Chinese. In episode 13, word spread tub vu transcribed and explained. An engineer Huyen Anh Quote from ura carbon that we care is spread tub vu is a phonetic form misleading; to write properly is new ullambana means "island of legends."
Again, to Life Tabernacle, in Kaifeng government Abbot Password Tong gave a statement to the other, when he wrote part of the book Luan ULLAMBANA Beijing. He writes: ullam not necessarily Sanskrit, the word root in Central Asia, where Buddhism way propagate in Chinese silk . Font ullam can understand and translate the magical island, but the word translated into Chinese language bana as sinks, must be understood as a boat or a board, sheet tray friend, a pantry pot. Then the whole word ullambana Chinese language translation, must be understood as "a rescue boat overturned, or even a broken back for friends or a tray, a bowl, being overturned." An engineer explained Tong density within Ullamba Sutra texts (Yu-lan-tank Economics) also comes to the tray clip. Buddha taught wish signaling atone for their parents, must sincerely "full tray offering drinks and floral supplies" for the religious level chief begs them to prayer.
Opinion resolution masters are great teachers Apostolic Administrator Password So the writings of Uyen Chau Lam support France. This work is a 100-book, is a system works and commentaries of two items Economics in the Buddhist Tripitaka. In translated excerpts Beijing Ullambana Sutra also refers to paragraphs Lord Buddha's teachings have to offer "full tray" fruity to increase them to ask the help of prayers for ancestors is transcendence.
Matsuda Bunyu scholars further quotes the document in four other scriptures, "Yu-lan-tub fear Beijing Yu-lan-tub lit Profile hospitality executive, Thich Thi weak shows and Fan-i-ming i-chi ( ?) ", to support the explanation of Tong Password. Scholarly studies of the new generation, especially in Japan the affluence means specific mind and demand makes us excited about the future of an academic study of Buddhism. But if read carefully documents presented two reviews of two great masters and Tong Huyen Anh Mat and interpreted the word "ULLAMBANA tub," we can not fear false conclusions much as two opinions seem no contrast, but also support each other. Buddhist students initially leaning towards simplicity, use the "ULLAMBANA" to call the holiday "Full Moon in July."

ULLAMBANA ceremony via Ullambana Sutra Buddhist scriptures and some experience.

Mandgalyayana (written in Sanskrit; Moggallana, Pali, Chinese version is Maudgalyayana, read off the Section Union, also known as the Great Moggallana) is a historical figure, a contemporary of the Buddha. He was a religious teacher with five hundred disciples, welcome refuge in the Buddha, the Buddha and his disciples considered the "most divine." Doing copy when enlightened, become Arhat, he launched perspective to hell to find her mother, saw her previous life to suffer because women do very evil things. He took his bowl filled with rice mother offered. The mother took the food, instant rice flush of pink fire on the mother's mouth. He painfully to the Buddha taught his mother's past life karma seriously thick, have to wait for the full moon in July, setting a visiting Buddha festival and increase the contribution of the ten directions to prayer and new subsidiary can help his mother confessor. He asked Buddha if the public is one of filial piety want to atone for the ceremony parents can set parental please confessions as he was not. The Buddha said that: "Each year, the full moon day in July, Buddhists to commemorate ancestors parents (...) seek to nurture gratitude Temple (...) by setting ceremony, set above players Buddhas and monks vow of salvation, "the ancestral parents the opportunity, getting rid of sin from all previous lives.
He Mandgalyayana stick to his teachings, and his mother is transcendence. Sangha and Buddhist believers to follow his example and Bon ULLAMBANA ceremony since becoming a Buddhist ceremony.
Buddhist scriptures, sutra outside Ullambana Sutra, and many other sutras explain ULLAMBANA ceremony during Bon Buddhism flourished in India. According to some students of Buddhism, Beijing Mahapari nirvana Sutra, (Beijing University Nirvana), Vol 16, storytelling Buddha missionary at once encountered a tribe living by killing cannibal. Tribal rules are improved and their Buddha Buddhist refuge, but they are not used to working livestock, farming should live very hungry. Buddha disciples commandments in the alms food to help them. Over time the customary ritual of ULLAMBANA.
An alternative explanation is Mr. ULLAMBANA ceremony Bon Ananda, nephew and faithful disciple of the Buddha. Mr. Ananda often exposed to a hungry preta, swallow charcoal fire himself in the mouth, so every time the application is food in the bowl, he brings food distributed to hungry ghosts. Later generations imitated his good deeds that Nan Da ULLAMBANA ceremony Bon.
Another cause further explained Vu Lan ceremony in India Bon cites the obligation of Vinaya Law School Sarvastivada (Sarvastivada). Beijing clearly the Buddha's teachings to contemporary monks are begging for food every time you return to the temple had to spend a full bowl of food offerings for the souls Hariti kind. Hariti is a specialized murderous bitch suck blood, slashing enemies to distract chased son. Save the baby Buddha, marks on clothes and offer to pay for the mother. Harati grateful, touched the Buddha, went for refuge, please quit killing practices and applying hungry for atonement. Buddhism teaches compassion to take pension, and therefore have great Buddhist Bon practices.

ULLAMBANA ceremony in China

Mahayana Buddhism in China began setting ULLAMABANA ceremony under-century Southern and Northern Dynasty Friday. The oldest document found in flyers recording media is set to full moon day festival in July in 538 TL. Emperor Wu of Liang King to Buddhist ceremony in the East Dai Tu ULLAMBANA and offertory. ULLAMBANAceremony that day but only for kings and noble setting in the big temple celebration, not an occasion of folk festivities. Must wait until two hundred years later, during the reign of Thai Sugar Thich Thi Ton see in old sign stating the date comb ULLAMBANA ceremony, July TL 766, is set in the timetable for the Buddhist ceremony at the royal procession, and then The relics on display at Tiananmen Square for people to admire. From that date new Vu Lan ceremony a feast for mass participation. At the same time, the significance of the date ULLAMBANA also change as we will see in later.
Eight mid-century, in Tang, with an Indian shaman named Amoghavajra, mastery of the Buddhist teachings, want more practice Buddhism in traditional Chinese society to respect the worship of ancestors should change the meaning of ULLAMBANA, made holidays towards all souls who died chaos, war, died without children worship, die because of poverty; noun Buddha referred to as ghosts. Also in this period called the Tabernacle, Buddhism became extremely prosperous, so setting ULLAMBANA ceremony also changed. By the fifteenth of July, in all housing and in the temple, built above folk, do vegetarian to worship spirits; while outside the community, where the large temple has organized custom exhibit the treasures of worship Buddha, as relics of the Buddha (ie, the relics are relics of the Buddha's flesh in containers stone, jade bottle) brought from India, or is the duty of a Sanskrit or Pali text copy, carved in stone, carved in wood, burn out is the column, is the package ...) to the public is allowed to see. At the same time the temple to encourage family participation wealthy exhibit by exhibit the pearl allergic own security for pilgrims from afar to enjoy. Guests go in the province, outside the province to set up tents on the temple grounds, and hold dance, opera, martial arts competition emulation, emulation breeze cooking vegetarian Buddhist worship ceremony and treats who co-directed. Since then that has spiritual meaning "Meeting of Vu Lan," pardon for the dead souls were ripped apart and now open to the living soul playful, doing good.
An engineer Amoghavajra understand Buddhism from India to China to overcome the fundamental obstacles it is traditional Chinese moral from the moment of enlightenment, based on filial: Theravada Buddhism teaches export How, refusing family business towards liberation. Ie wives refuse rejected the clan lineage mission to worship; ie household refuse elope not nourish. Chinese hard to accept the Buddhist teachings such undertakings.
To resolve difficulties, to practice Buddhism in the great society of China in three ways. Firstly, translation and interpretation of the scriptures related to filial piety, is available on a lot in a Sanskrit and Pali texts recently introduced in China ', to prove that the Buddha's teaching filial also no less severe Chinese tradition. The second way to set some new classics by the masters of India and China draw attention in the Buddhist scriptures written, focus on filial piety. Third way still further super Vietnamese. Traditional filial piety of the Chinese confined within the family: parents and grandparents. Filial of Buddhism include the living and the dead: the dead in many generations ago (ancestors), more broadly, the dead man she does not sacrifice performance, and the right people are living for repayment of a previous life. The concept of filial abandon the notion of Buddhism individuals and families to cover universal, even go into the depth of time. The notion of filial piety of Buddhism took the superior level, in response to user needs and user-friendly human spirit.
I try to comb through classic concrete evidence of the above. Life Later Han, Anshigao (An Shih-Kao) first service involving two sets of filial piety: Beijing Lu Thi-Ca-Vietnam Phuong Le, and repent of Earnings Report Form. Next great team, great master of the New French translation of Buddhist Theory Tu Thien Sinh Tu. Two basic sutras of Theravada school is School and Middle Agama Agama, been translated into Han culture from centuries Four and Five also recalled the Buddha's teachings on filial piety.
But would like to mention the issue of hospitality to Buddhism, one must read the two sets of essentially Sutras "Bodhisattva Thien Tu" refers to a filial son named Prince and the Kinh Thien "Vu Lan Bath "Style by French masters lifetime care under the Western Jin, referring to the area of ​​Maudgalyayana, a disciple of Buddha.
Thien Tu Bodhisattva by an anonymous monk translated into life under the Western Jin Han culture, the Chinese Pagoda considered economic responsibility, but truly is quoted in the story of Buddha's Buddha (Jataka). Thien Tu (Sanskrit is Syama; Pali, Sama) is a Bodhisattva who volunteered to reincarnate as human a blind couple made a vow to abandon the fleeting life in urban places, come in a mountain cave to practice . Older son was very pious parents and bring parents to stay in a mountain cave to do aspirations. One day Compassion Tzu wearing leather coat deer down stream for water. The king was hunting over there, mistaken for fun, poisoned arrows shot into the boys. Thien Tu lay dying, not hatred of the king, believes he is dying now, but mourn because no one has elderly parents nurtured. He and grandmother groping to define Thien Tu. The father hugged the TV first breath, the mother put her mouth to the wound trying to suck the poison out. In pain they pray Buddha salvation. Instant Avalokitesvaras out, healing for Thien Tu, and also parents Compassion Tzu rescue from blindness. Sutra concludes with the teachings of the Buddha is hospitable to all that misery will win. This story is very common in Chinese folklore. Thien Tu story was repeated in two obligations of the "Beijing Lu low" and "Fa Yuen Chau Lam." Master Xuanzang (Tang Zang) has Thien Tu story narrated in the book "Western Lands ocean".
Sang Song Dynasty, about Thien Tu was completely Sinicisation, becoming one of the twenty four models Thien Nhi Thap Tu Tu Hieu and renamed as Yen Tu, detailed story is set in a milieu of China more.
Story's hospitality business described in Section Lien Vu Lan sink even more common in Asian countries follow Mahayana Buddhism. Beijing Yu-lan-tub by Indian masters France Rooms (Dharmaraksha, Dam-ma-la-close, literal transcriptions Grape) Western Jin care in later life. This obligation of direct contact with Vu Lan ceremony, the content of the duty of even clearer presentation of the Buddhist concept of filial piety, I said in the previous paragraph.
The idea that manufacturing of Buddhism, left home to become a monk, not a full-filial to their parents, the Vu Lan Kinh and Chinese relief with other nations in the Asian markets have warmly accepted the explanation as dress. In China that date, the area Moggallana be universal throughout the year in the time, not only in the temples located on holidays, but everywhere, in a lullaby em home, in addition to the market a rhapsody Xam singing, creating a kind of literature known as the sea remains. Twenty-first century, to discover the real worship Buddha in Dunhuang (Xinjiang) or four variables we find many of this document, such as "Moggallana transformed writer," "Section Event Intercontinental Run" and the "The Alliance General Category Events Kien Van pure form." These documents are in book entry "Dunhuang compendium continent" government of the Republic of China published in Beijing in 1931. The main responsibilities were appropriated Europeans, Bibliothèque Nationale de bringing kept in Paris and British Museum.
The legend is told clearly Category Union with full details of the three documents referred to above, and from that day as the subject of many works of literature in Chinese art. Most importantly, as a work of discourse (Buddhist scriptures were put in the argument) of master Tong Password. Here we need to say more clearly that he was from home you expect tribe, from small very profound Confucian school, and become a Buddhist religious man. He based Kinh Vu Lan to argue, compare between Confucian filial piety and Buddhism. According to him, the other not Buddhism Confucianism, filial put issues to the forefront. Buddhist scriptures from India to "include Kinh (the teachings of the Buddha) and the Law on the virtues of Buddhist practitioners. Beijing has proposed principles and wisdom; The law sets rules for practice. Law includes row great things, but the trick is to piety. " He cited the Brahma Net Sutra obligations (considered basic economic law of Mahayana Buddhism): "When Buddha got enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, he announced legislation Pratimoskha (depending upon liberation) for cultivators Beef slapping, and this law is based on filial. "
Cardboard Password Confucianism teaches that we live deserve kudos for the next generations, but the main thing Buddhism teaches us to enter the world of spreading kindness compassion for the current generation is living around us . Confucianism teaches rituals, such anniversary on New Year right to kill ancestor; Buddhism more studious students, teach students to pray but not close. Cardboard Password goes further, recommended the Buddha decided to forgo the old monk was because "want to report to parents, parents do not want to be damnation after life."
Based on economic arguments ULLAMBANA to present the Buddhist perspective on filial piety, like Tong density and the Buddhist school of that time certainly did solve a lot of termites cautiously by scholars on religion of Shakyamuni So that to Life Tabernacle, smoking at all Buddhists gather people in Asian and China, it was set as a celebration Vu Lan festival chief, meaningful religious and social.

ULLAMBANA ceremony and Zhongyuan ceremony.

It is often puzzling to the Buddhist is coincidence between Vu Lan ceremony and celebration Trung Nguyen. Chinese agricultural society as flood forced farmers throughout the year except recreation three occasions: first with Shanghai Raw ceremony, between year Zhongyuan holidays, and year-end holidays Ha Nguyen. Some researchers assert Chinese civilization originated in the production of three ceremonies from Taoism, directing all human activities on nature. On the first occasion, the farmers vivre cult festivals throughout January; at the end of the next eagerly welcomed a new year. Chinese device Lower Highlands ceremony on October fifteenth. Mid-July is the best time of year the sun radiation, it is time to reap the harvest of farmers has done, should have the opportunity to organize festivities Zhongyuan cult ceremony. Sunny outdoor air, the ship went from village to other villages to visit relatives and friends, give him presents. Zhongyuan ceremony into an opportunity firmly family life and community.
Now Buddhism in China, are inherently flexible practices, convenient environment meets the very popular Chinese reality, transplant three ceremonies on a three day Buddhist ceremony: Thuong Nguyen, Trung Nguyen and Ha Raw. ULLAMBANA ceremony coincided with the celebration of the Central Highlands. House very wealthy temple that day, provide landscaping for community activities during Zhongyuan, and on the full moon setting where Buddha hall. This practice from China to Japan Buddhist Bon, Trung Nguyen called Chugen day, the hungry ghost festival, we will discuss later.

ULLAMBANA ceremony with departure from India or manufacturing in China?

Read carefully the materials above ULLAMBANA festival goings on in India and China as new scholars of the Indian and Japan Bon presentation, students of Buddhism as we can not restrain themselves to questioning ULLAMBANA ceremony was actually there in India from ancient days before Shakyamuni affordable, or ULLAMBANA ceremony is just one product demand while propagate Buddhism in Chinese Buddhism. The first side of the question "before Shakyamuni ULLAMBANA no desk" probably very rational, because in the civilized countries live in India and the Buddhist Church as Dyen Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, ... do not see necessarily Vu Lan ceremony. However, this question easily answered. Worship customary courtship deceased person had in the Vedas, Lord Buddha thousands of years ago, of course, must be continued while Buddhism in India, and still exists to this day in India.
Second-hand side question, I tried resetting the compact and easy to understand: Beijing Ullambana Sutra as the Buddha, which was translated into Chinese, or just a product of Buddha's followers when missionary to China?
If we base on duty documentary about the most important directory of Buddhist scriptures by master Bunyo Nanjio Catalogue editor of The Buddhist Tripitaka Chinese Translation, Oxford, 1883, Beijing recorded Ullambana Sutra is copied through scripts under Theravada and later, been translated into Chinese language. But there are three points that scholars doubt the Japanese Mahayana raised obligation, to study the proposal. The first is about the origin of the almanac and book of personal and translators. Buddhist scriptures are summarized in multiple duty Statistics total folders (catalogs), and Ullambana Sutra sutra found in general obligation Tripitaka User folder Export volumes, Volume IV, published in the period TL 445-518. No translators name, just record a stream simple: "Do not see the identity translators." Gone total next folder Calendar university record book signing postcards of, the person whose name translates as master Dharmaraksa (Dam-ma-la-watching, also known as Falun Phong), living under the Western Jin life. Only one signal is two obligations total almost contemporary folders that a translator named obligation, an obligation not well enough to give birth after doubts.
Score Monday questioned by the sutra created. From ullambana translated vu-lan-tub. Ullam means that the legendary island, hanging upside down, transcriptions of trumped-lan, but from the word through letters tub bana (the boat, the food trays), although no explanation of master Tong density and the evidence points I still find it difficult to satisfy the conditions required rational inference.
Score most important question is the responsibility of the content. Also duties Ullambana Bon Beijing by Dharmaraksa care, were found in Yuen Chau Lam University practicing a second translation titled An Earnings Report Form Scripture, not named translators. The first part of the two duty service does not see the point difference. The only part of the obligation to translate the Bao An Economic Sub termination in that form he Moggallana following instructions in the lower three-month son (from full moon to full moon April to July), offering food to the sangha floral please help word prayer, and so mothers be deleted sin damnation. Duty first translation, Kinh Kinh Vu Lan duty, duty longer than the second additional paragraph Moggallana he begged the Buddha to all our parents born ancestors are doomed, if pious children know ULLAMBANA Mass prayed for sin, sin will also be deleted. Buddha has ruled according to the word please.
Thus, the facts just presented above leads to the conclusion that certain SUTRA ULLAMBANA was the Buddha in the original period. Because demand preaching responsibility to adapt to the practical features of popular Chinese people, the appendix details the following paragraph was changed when translated in Chinese.

ULLAMBANA ceremony in Japan Bon

Bon today Japan ranks first in the era of post-industrial civilization, are ranked in the areas optimization pioneers like computing, signal ... And there is no one like the Japanese nation, go fast and go ahead but kept up the traditional lifestyle had from thousands of years ago.
Yu-lan holidays in Japan known as the Bon festival, abbreviated urabon word, also spelled urambon. Before World-War II, Bon Yu-lan is a public holiday, offices and schools are closed, employees are entitled to wage. The two most important holidays in the Chinese New Year's day and date Ullambana Bon. Chiang repeating that Japan is using the calendar but few local and in the temple remained lunar. Encourage customary working away from home during the Lunar and ULLAMBANA to return home and celebrate Mass reunion ancestor. So on two major occasions where private transportation or public were busy grinding from late June until mid-July.
To this day, in the media community, especially in the countryside, people prepare ULLAMBANA ceremony Bon from the first day of July. In each housing the Japanese have a Buddhist altar called Budsudan. In early July, we booked a table Buddhist altar Shoryodana casualties, on deaths put all your tables to welcome the deceased person through the valve. Seven new moon called on Nanoka Bon, homeowners or chieftain go open grave (ie sweeping, weeding) and a ceremony at the tomb of the ancestors, and from the grave about to undergo a second house white cloth called is the only way for people bommichi to death back home. On the way to many places still hanging lanterns at each turning point for the souls out of touch, and each peer Residential lit lanterns hanging around the gutter. Many more considerate family, and offered them both horses, all vehicles associated with straw, or by paper, by the dead fruit to use as a means back home. On 13 called on "catch souls" (Mukac Bon), outside the tomb and on the table full of beautiful flowers finalists called Bonbana. At dusk, the lights burning at the door welcoming spirit. This fire held until the 16th, called the day "farewell souls" (Okuri Bon). At some localities even have dance tradition called Bon odori ULLAMBANA, celebrate ancestors back home with descendants reunion once a year. After World War II, in order to develop the tourism industry, Bon odori dance practice was held very beautiful and solemn.
As mentioned above, the Chinese set customary Indian ULLAMBANAfestival, transforms into a concert ancestor atonement for each family separately. Later, the idea of ​​compassion of Buddhism thrive, ULLAMBANA ceremony towards the dead in general, not just in the family.
The Japanese brought ULLAMBANAceremony in Japan under Empress Suiko and better promote the notion of filial compassion born of Buddhism. Queen's husband Prince Suiko is the Holy Spirit reigned from 574 to TL 622 years. He is promoting the growth of Buddhism in Japan, gave up Buddhism as the state religion. 606 years, the Queen's edict for all domestic facilities temples Vu Lan ceremony, and continue each year. The Japanese also set a Buddhist Chinese Zhongyuan ceremony, called Chugen, but rather change rules. In Japan, the Vu Lan festival Bon is distinguished in two parts: the ancestor worship ceremony in the family, and the hungry ghost festival. Hungry ghost festival called Segaki-e, meaning food offered was wandering soul hunger, was a separate Buddhist holiday, usually no specific date, but later set on the occasion of ULLAMBANA, take a day for four days urabon ceremony.
Nineteenth century, Emperor Meiji of Japan renewed. The cause of reform and industrialization forced simplifying the cult festival, so festival-e urabon and sagaki ceremony today became common.
Japan's current prosperous tend to return to spirituality and religion. Let's hear Professor Kenneth Chen, Institute Princeton University, said the Japanese ULLAMBANA ceremony today ("Buddhism, The Light of Asia," Barron, New York 1978, page 263 wrote translate simulation). "In every family, people Altar Guild, offering flowers, fruit and special food for souls. Screening spread midfield, put the dishes as pasta, tea, millet, pumpkin soup, melon soup , steamed fish. Yes thirteen days, drifting back country offering a special porridge to welcome new souls. The next day fourteen, cozy coffee tea steamed potatoes and sesame mixed. On the fifteenth or sixteenth farewell , with lotus leaf rice hub, and tea bean wrap. Every day, lights incense on the altar not to extinct, always adding new countries floral tea. On the thirteenth, the start ceremony, people in the house to visit and lamps on graves, lighting and home port, implying guided souls know the way back to enjoy the offerings. On fifteen farewell, also called lamp lighting goodbye farewell souls. At the villages near rivers and creeks and lakes sea, usually dead because water river, the boat back shopping little perfunctory tiny, cozy set up and lighting products provides drop down stream. The image on the porch lamp, continued to glimmer on the tiny boat drifting away under the top river water represents the idea associated with the living reality of who have gone into nothingness. "END=VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH TAM GIAC.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN PRAYED BUDDHIST NUN MONASTERY.THICH CHAN TANH.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN PRAYED BUDDHIST NUN GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY.AUSTRALIA,NEWCASTLE,SYDNEY.17/8/2015.