Primitive Buddhism in South Asia and Southeast Asia
Ceylon
Today, Buddhism is flourishing development in some countries and the difficulties faced in other countries. For example, the primitive Buddhism (Theravada) thriving in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Thailand and Burma (Burma/Myanmar), but a serious weakness in Laos, Cambodia (Cambodia) and Vietnam. From the 16th century to the 19th century, Buddhism in Ceylon had been weakened because of the persecution, the Court's first Heretic, followed by the missionaries of the Catholic colonial leaders. Primitive Buddhism in Ceylon were the Renaissance in the late 19th century, with the help of scholars and the English Genius. The result is the Buddhist area of Finland is sometimes described as the Protestant "Buddhism" ("Protestant" Buddhism), emphasis on academic research, pastoral activities of the monks for the homeless musician, and renunciation for meditation instruction, not just for the people who matter y. About renunciation has strong beliefsbut sometimes complained about inadequate monks have a balance between the tu study and maintenance.Indonesian and Malay
The monks Ceylon has help for restoring the original Buddhism in Bali, other regions in Indonesia (Indonesia), Malay (Malaysia), the place where the primitive Buddhism died slowly from the late 15th century. This activity has a very limited scale. Those interested in Bali are Balinese, traditional leaders combine Hinduism (Hinduism), Buddhism and the cult of local spirits; While in other regions in Indonesia and Malaysia, who in response is the Mahayana Buddhist communities of overseas Chinese. In addition, there are a number of small Buddhist sect and of the Southern Ocean, the hybridization between the tendency of primitive Buddhism, Chinese and Tibetan.According to the policy of "pancasila" of the Government of Indonesia, all religions have to affirm their faith in God (God). Though Buddhism does not accept God as a separate individual, therefore sometimes described as atheistic, but Buddhism is officially acknowledged by the confirmation of A Buddha (Adibuddha) Topic. Literally, it is "the first Buddha" and is discussed in Your Dictionary While Rotating (The Kalachakra Tantra), which are flourishing in the Southern Ocean, in a Millennium ago. A Buddhist Topic is omniscient creator of everything Gen, beyond both time, words and other limitations. Although described by a symbolic image, he himself is not a real beings. A Buddhist Theme with more abstract and are found in all beings as a computer quang minh of the mind. On this basis, Buddhism was accepted along with Islam (Islam), Hinduism, Catholic forms (Catholic) and Protestantism (Protestant) of Christianity (Christianity), is in the State religion of the Southern Ocean.
India
Around the 17th century, Buddhism gradually declined in the sub region of Abode, (Himalaya) belongs to India. However, late 19th century, with the help of the British, the population of Ceylon founded The Maha Bodhi (the Maha Bodhi Society), in order to recover the Holy Land pilgrimage of Buddhists in India. They were very successful and we have had many temples monks reside, along with several other Buddhist tradition is also present in this location.In the 1950s, Ambedkar was beginning a new Buddhist movement has a population in Western India. Hundreds of thousands of people took part, mostly to avoid the stigma, because they are the lowest class. Their main goal is to require political and social interests. Ambedkar died shortly after the initiation of this revival. Since then, the movement led by Sangharakshita. He is an Englishman who founded the Western Buddhist Fellowship as a new form of Buddhism, is designed specifically for the Western practitioners.
Thailand
In Thailand, due to the influence of the pattern of Thai monarchy, the clergy community has an Increasing German and the Council of elders, is responsible for preserving the purity of tradition. There are two groups of clergy, a group that lives in the Woods and a group living in the villages. Both are very renunciation to be revered and donation. Qifu gangui the singer vogue, traditionally lived in the forests and secret hypnosis meditation. This tradition follows strict precepts, which are the focus of the Convent School. The monks in the village made many ceremonies to create benefits for local people. However, the order of their study mainly memorized my shelves. In keeping with the culture and beliefs of the gods of Thailand, the monks also offers the charms of the network for an upasaka. There is a school of Buddhism for the clergy, mainly for training monks specialize in shifting the classics of Buddha from Pali to modern Thai classics.Burma
In Burma, the military regime has control over Buddhism closely through the Ministry of religion. This regime has destroyed the monastery, where the person does not offer the regime are living, especially in the North of Burma. At present, the Government is offering large sums to the monks left to attempt to enlist their support, as well as to stifle all criticism. Burma has a long tradition of egalitarian emphasis, evenly for meditation and study, particularly in terms of psychology, metaphysics and ethics in Buddhism "A Bhikkhu Reached Ma" ("Abhidharma"). Currently, many monasteries, this approach is still active, and about renunciation maintains tremendous belief. From the late 19th century, probably due to the influence of the British occupation, the country has many Zen centers, where the Faculty is increasing and renunciation, guided France to meditate for friendly female Burmese women's credit, in order to develop mindfulness.Bangladesh
In southern Bangladesh, on the hills along the Burmese border, with many isolated villages have traditionally Buddhist Burma. However, as being integral to Burma, the level of understanding and practice of them quite low.Laos
In Laos, according to the tradition, Dharma is taught and practiced in the rural context, but the monasteries in poor condition because of the war between the US and Vietnam. Upasaka in Laos is still food donation to qifu gangui singer when the master goes real qifu mumo, and temples on the full moon. However, the tradition of meditation are very weak. Previously, the monks have to learn and teach Marxism, but not no more. People nowadays just praising the Communist regime to easily become a rising singer and more.Cambodia
In Cambodia (Kampuchea/Cambodia), Buddhism's revival following the devastating terrorist and regime of Pol Pot, particularly with the King's Prince Sihanouk, the restrictions are being eased slowly. However, a person must be over 30 or 40 years to be renunciation, as the country needs labor force. Maha Ghosananda, the Master Chief the Khmer people, studied meditation in Thailand because most of the meditation got lost in Cambodia, and he is trying to recover the meditating in Cambodia. What's left over from traditional practice in forests in the country are related to cultivate spirit communion is more than meditation.Vietnam
Despite the unprecedented events similar to a Cultural Revolution in Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is still under the control of the State. Only a handful of the monastery are open and people are not easy to export to. The regime was eased over to the monks in the North, where the Buddhist Academy existed simultaneously with the Communists during the Vietnam war. The regime still closely monitor monks in the South are over.Mahayana Buddhism in East Asia
Taiwan, Hong Kong and Overseas Chinese Area
Traditional East Asian Mahayana Buddhism derived from China's strong tradition for Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), Hong Kong and South Korea (South Korea). Taiwan has the world Sangha grew to be the homeless musician widely support. There are Buddhist universities and Buddhist works because the programs of social welfare. Hong Kong also has a community of clergy development. Focal points in the Buddhist community of overseas Chinese in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines (the Philippines) is the prayer for the welfare of the ancestors, for the prosperity and wealth of the people alive. There are many intermediate object that Buddhist Saints used to ban the prophecies, as these people are in a State of up, and they are the renunciation of consultations comments on psychological and health problems. Chinese entrepreneurs, which is the body of the economy known as the "Asian Tigers", regular donation for monks to the master performs the ritual, which helps them to financial success.South Korea
Buddhism in South Korea (Korea) are still strong, though faced with the growing challenge from the movement of the Christian Gospel (Christian Codrisor offers comfortably equipped). Many communities of monks and nuns receive strong support from the populace. Special meditation tradition developed, the Son, a form of Zen of Koreans. In contrast, except for an opening of a symbolic way for the purposes of propaganda in North Korea, Buddhists persecuted heavily.Japan
Japan has many magnificent temples are preserved for tourists and visitors, but many of them were Temple of commercialism. Although there are also some meditators are serious, but most of the traditions become extremely weak and cultural rituals. From the 13th century, the Japanese had the tradition the monks in the temple can marry and banned alcohol. The monks gradually replace traditional monks single. Most people in Japan according to the combination of the Shinto gods and Buddhist traditions in Japan. They have the priests perform Shinto rites and customs for the wedding and when children are born, and Buddhist rites in the funerals, which have little understanding of the tradition. There are some benefits in adopting the methods of the Buddhism to relieve the pressure of work in large companies, and a large Buddhist sect of Japan had a program to build the Temple of peace (Peace Pagodas pass) expanding around the world. In addition, there's also some fanatical cult doomsday, call themselves Buddhists, but essentially don't have much contact with the teachings of the Buddha Sakyamuni. In history, some Japanese Buddhist tradition by extreme nationalism, based on the belief that Japan was the Buddhist Paradise. This comes from the Shinto sects of the chaplain and the importance of the work depends on the country. The tradition that has produced these Buddhist political party with nationalists and radical fundamentalists.
People's Republic Of China
In the Interior of China, particularly in the area of Han Chinese (Han Chinese) of China, the Buddhist monasteries were destroyed, most of the monks and nuns, teachers adept were executed or imprisoned during the cultural revolution, the Decade of 60 and 70. However, the situation is not bad in these areas do not belong to the Han Chinese as Tibet (Tibet), Mongolia (Inner Mongolia) and Xinjiang (Xinjang). Today, a large number of Han people of all ages living in the Interior of China are interested in Buddhism, but the main problem is the lack of teachers. Many young men have sex life spice, but the quality of them lowly. Most qualified youth to college like to work and earn money, while those who joined the monastery mainly poor and/or from a small family, primarily from rural areas. Only a few are qualified senior monks and nuns, who also survived the persecution of Communists and can teach, there is no one in middle-aged tu qualified students. In many big cities of China and the pilgrimage site, the Buddhist University of the Government, with two to four-year programs, including education, politics is a part of the training program. The Han people have just made this courses participating relatively little.Overall, the level of education was very low in the Buddhist monasteries of the Han people. It is primarily focused on the restoration of Buddhist material such as the temples, pagodas, Buddha, etc. at this point. This job requires a lot of time and effort in the pure land and construction. In some cases, the Chinese Government is funding for reconstruction. As a result many temples currently operating as museums or tourist attraction, with the monks who control tickets and serve. This creates an appearance of "freedom of religion", the image that the authorities in Beijing (Beijing) trying to build. However, most of the construction work is funded by local people, sometimes, with the patronage of the benefactors abroad, often by the main sponsor. Some customs and ancestor worship is performed in the temple before repression of Communists to happen, now being restored. However, there are a few Chinese monasteries in various places in the Interior of China are active and proficiency in action learning, tu a degree.
Buddhism in Central Asia
Tibetans In Exile
Following the revolt of the masses against the Chinese troops occupied Tibet in 1959 during the Tibetan traditions in Central Asia, the most powerful is the Tibetan refugee community living around Germany, the exiled Dalai Lama in India. They had to rebuild from scratch the majority of monasteries and a nunnery of Tibet, is full of traditional academic overhaul program for monks and scholar, teacher and teachers. Have the means of education, research and publication that aims to conserve all aspects in each school of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition.The Tibetans-in-exile has brought vitality to Buddhism in the Abode of India, Nepal and Bhutan, Ladakh and Sikkim, including by sending teachers and given the transmission lineage. Many monks and nuns in the region are receives education and training in the monastery and Nunnery of Tibetans refugees.
Nepal
Although Sherpas in the eastern Nepal and Tibetan refugees in Nepal according to Tibetan Buddhist tradition, traditional forms of Buddhism in Nepal still exists in limited extent in Newari community in Kathmandu Valley. Because the practice as a blend of shades of Indian Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism, it is the only Buddhist Society also maintains the caste distinctions in the monastery. Since the 16th century, the monks are allowed to marry and have a class inheriting the enshrining Buddhist temple and its ritual choruses. Those who take these jobs must come from this class.Tibet
The situation of Buddhism in Tibet, where China was divided into five provinces including Tibet, Qinghai (Qinghai), Gansu (Gansu), Sichuan (Sichuan) and Yunnan (Yunnan), remains very bleak. Out of 6500 monastery and Nunnery before 1959, in addition to 150 monastery and Nunnery survive, all were destroyed, mostly before the cultural revolution. The vast majority of scholarly monks were executed or died in concentration camps. Most of the monks are generally required to complete procedure. Beginning in 1979, China has allowed the Tibetans to the restoration of their monasteries, and pretty much the monastery had to be rebuilt. The Chinese Government has helped them to build two or three of these, the monastery was largely due to the efforts and funding of the former monks, local people and Tibetans in exile abroad. Thousands of young men have become monks and nuns, but now the Chinese Government imposed limitations and restrictions seriously again. Many police and government spies disguised as monks and the monastery closely. Monks ni often led the protests against the repressive policies of China's human rights, requires the autonomy and freedom of religion indeed.Efforts to control the Buddhism in Tibet by the Chinese authorities has revealed clear than ever in the event found its reincarnations of Lamas Meditation Board (the Panchen Lama). The first Lama Meditation Committee, born early in the seventeenth century, was the tutor of the Dalai Lama on Thursday and was considered the spiritual leader of the Tibetans, after Germany Dalai Lama. After the Ban of meditation Lama or Germany Dalai Lama staff President, his successor will be chosen as a child is recognized as the reincarnation of its predecessor. The child was found after the consultation with the prophets and thoroughly accurate memories of the child about the family and their belongings out of reincarnations.
Since the time of the Fifth Dalai Lama in Germany, although the Dalai Lama is the leader of both the spiritual and secular aspects of Tibetan Lamas Meditation Committee has never held a political role. However, since the beginning of the 20th century, the Chinese had tried but not succeeded in splitting the Tibetans by supporting Lamas Meditation Committee into a political opponent of Dalai Lama.
People of Manchuria (Manchus) in the region of Northeast Asia, which does not belong as part of the Han Chinese, who ruled China from the mid-17th century to the early 20th century. They have tried to acquire the Mongolian and Tibetan people pleasing to the people of this influence from their empire, by supporting Tibetan Buddhism outside, but the inside is always working to manipulate and control the Buddhist organization, moving the Buddhist centres of power from Lhasa to Beijing. Mid-18th century, they declared that only the new Manchu Emperor had the right to choose and recognized the reincarnations of the Dalai Lama and German Ban Lamas Meditation, with a draw in their gold. Tibetans have ignored for that statement, and the selection board's incarnation Lamas Meditation is always led by the Dalai Lama confirmed.
The Chinese Government has publicly acknowledged they are atheists, they will not interfere in religious matters and totally condemn all the policies of the previous King dynasty ruled China. However, in 1995 the Government declared them as legitimate heirs of the Manchu dynasty in the competent searching and confirming the reincarnation of the tenth Board Lamas Meditation, who staff the President in 1989. This happened shortly after the Abbot of the monastery of Lamas Meditation Board to determine the Habitat of its incarnations and in Germany the Dalai Lama officially ban asserted for the boy. Later, the boy and the family was taken to Beijing, and then from there no more news any longer. The Abbot of the monastery and arrested Lamas Meditation Committee were Communists strictly control. Then, the Chinese authorities ordered all its senior Lamas gathered in a ceremony that they have selected a private Meditation Committee incarnation of Lama. Later, the Chinese President met the boy six years old and only that you are loyal to the Communist Party of China.
In addition to the intervention of the Chinese Government, the main problem that Tibetan Buddhism is facing is the lack of qualified teachers. Only a handful of old masters to survive persecution of Communists, and some teachers we have only spent two or a maximum of four academic years of very limited training in Buddhist universities by the Government, which was created thanks to the efforts of the German Ban deceased Lama Meditation. In General, despite the school much more than the Interior of China, many monasteries in Tibet opened as tourist attractions, the monks are working as employees who control tickets and serve. Overall, about renunciation has very strong beliefs, but some Eastern youth are being manipulated because of unemployment, because of the huge migration of Han Chinese and the supply of such items as cheap liquor, drugs, pornography and the table to bet rising from the Interior of China.
East Turkistan (Xinjiang)
Most of the monasteries of the Kalmyk Mongols in East Turkistan (Xinjiang, Xinjiang) were destroyed during the cultural revolution. Some have now been rebuilt, but the deprivation teachers are even more serious in Tibet. The rising new teen joins very depressed because of lack of means of the tu and many people have left.Inner Mongolia
However, the worst situation for the Tibetan Buddhists under the control of Inner Mongolia in China (Inner Mongolia). Most of the Western monasteries were destroyed during the cultural revolution. In the East, the formerly predominant Manchus, much of the monastery which had been destroyed by Stalin's troops at the end of the second world war, when the Russians liberated North China from Japanese occupation. Cultural Revolution simply complete this damage only. Among 700 monasteries in Mongolia, 27 reconstructed monasteries. However, unlike Tibet and Xinjiang, with almost no effort to rebuild the convent. A large number of Han Chinese have migrated to Inner Mongolia and married the local population, prompting the majority of the local Mongols, especially in cities, at least care about their language, culture or tradition to Buddhism. a few monasteries operated as tourist spots and a handful of young monksbut they barely trained in the monastic school. In these regions so far in the Gobi desert, one or two surviving monasteries with monks still perform traditional rituals, but none of the monks would under seventy years. Unlike the other regions in Tibet, where the pastures are lush and the nomadic condition to support the reconstruction of the monastery and the donation of a new tank, the inner Mongolian nomads in the Gobi was still very poor faith.Mongolia
In Mongolia (Mongolia), there are thousands of monasteries. On the orders of Stalin, all were destroyed partially or wholly in 1937. In 1946, a monastery in the capital Ulaan Baatar were reopened as an icon, and in the early ' 70s, a 5-year college program for the monks have started here. Very brief training programme, emphasis on the study of Marxism. The monks are allowed to perform certain ceremonies confined to the public, after the Administration was careful interrogation of this people. With the fall of communism in 1990, Buddhism was strongly revived with the help of the Tibetans in exile in India. Many monks were sent to India to be trained and 150 monasteries were reopened or remodeled with modest scale, with some Tibetan teachers from India. Unlike in Tibet, where the former monks were forced to refund procedure has not returned to the monastery, which only worked to rebuild and support the monasteries, many former monks in Mongolia has joined the monastery again. Since most of these monks haven't abandoned the living at home with his wife in the evening and drink vodka, this is a major issue concerning the precepts of the monks.However, the most serious problem that Buddhism in Mongolia is facing nowadays is the aggressive missionary Mormon leaders American (American Mormon) and Baptist Christian (Baptist Christian). Originally, they came to teach English, provide money and help for people's children to study in America, if they were converted. They distribute the booklet free of charge, is a beautiful print of Jesus (Jesus) by Mongolian and film screenings. Buddhists cannot compete against them. Currently there are books of Buddhism with language information, the only books in the classical language that few who can translate, even without the cost of printed books if they are translated. So the youth and intellectuals who are being dragged from Buddhism to Christianity.
Russia
There are three traditional areas of Tibetan Buddhism in Russia: Buryatia in Siberia near Lake Baikal, in Siberia, also belong to the Tuvan North of Western Mongolia, and Kalmykia in the Northwest of the Caspian Sea. Population of Buryats and Kalmyk Mongol, while the population of Tuvinians are Turks. Except for the region of Buryatia has only three monasteries damaged, all of the other monasteries in the region were destroyed by Stalin in the late 1930s. The late ' 40, Stalin reopened the two symbolic monastery in Buryatia, under the strict supervision of the KGB. The monks did keep the y's back as the uniform during the day and made a few rituals. Some monks Convent School at the College in Mongolia. After the fall of communism in 1990, Buddhism has revived strongly in all three regions. Tibetans in exile had sent teachers, and the young monks are tu in Tibetan monasteries in India. Currently, there are seventeen reconstructed monasteries in Buryatia. Like in Mongolia, Russia also has problems with alcohol and the former monks had been his wife. But different from Mongolia, the monks here are not himself monks celibacy. Many plans are underway to open the monasteries in Kalmykia and Tuva. Christian missionaries are active in all three areas, but not as powerful as in Mongolia.Asian in the Buddhist tradition is also very interested in Tibetan Buddhism. Many Tibetan masters from the exiled community in India was invited to preach in South East Asia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea. It was realized that the clear explanations of the teachings of the Buddha in the Tibetan tradition is the addition of useful for the understanding of their own tradition. The sophisticated Tibetan rites aims to create prosperity and health also charismatic people.
Non-Buddhist Traditions
All forms of Buddhism are also found throughout the world, in countries not a Buddhist tradition. There are two main groups, including: Asian immigrants and the practitioners are not Asians. immigrants in Asia, particularly in the United States and Australia, have national and many temples. Canada, Three West (Brazil), Peru and some Western European countries, especially France, are also subject to this case, but the scale of the smaller peoples Temple. The focus is the practice of piety and have a Community Center to help immigrant communities maintained separate culture and their ethnic identity."Buddhist Centre" of all the traditions are now found in more than eighty countries in the world, in every continent. Most of those who come to the centres is not Asian, and Buddhist centers focusing on France to meditate, tu learn and maintain the ritual. Most of these stem from the Tibetan tradition, Zen and primitive. The teachers at the Center include Westerners and Buddhists from Asia. the largest number of Buddhist centres are found in the United States, France and Germany. Serious practitioners often to Asia to study in more depth in the convent. Moreover, there are Buddhist studies in many universities around the world, the dialogue and exchange of ideas between Buddhism and other religions, between Buddhism and science, psychology and medicine have increased. In Germany the Dalai Lama holds the most important role in this area.END=VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTMENT.WORLD VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST ORDER=VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=THE EIGHTFOLD PATH.NAM MO SAKYA MUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.2/1/2015.
